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Carduus nutans

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Carduus nutans
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Carduus
Species:
C. nutans
Binomial name
Carduus nutans

Carduus nutans is a biennial plant in the daisy and sunflower family Asteraceae with the common names musk thistle,[1] nodding thistle, and nodding plumeless thistle. It is native to regions of Europe, Central Asia, and North Africa, where it is a scattered pasture plant.[2][3][4] The musk thistle has been declared as invasive in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.[3]

Description

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Carduus nutans is a monocarpic herb and is classified as a biennial thistle, though it can have varying phenology depending on climate and habitat.[5] Mature plants can reach 2.7 m (9 ft) in height with multi-branched stems. The leaves are prickly and jagged and can reach up to 40 cm (1.3 ft) in length.[6] The leaves are dark green, coarsely bipinnately lobed, with a smooth, waxy surface and sharp yellow-brown to whitish spines at the tips of the lobes. They are more or less hairy on top, and wooly on the veins below.[7] The stem is cottony/hairy, with thin ribs along them.[6] The plants develop a rosette, with large leaves up to about 40 centimetres (16 inches) long.[6] The seeds are able to germinate between 15 °C to 30 °C, thriving in conditions that offer moist soil and an alternating day/night temperature.[8] A single plant is able to produce around 100 seeds per flower, up to about 20,000 seeds per plant.[8] Seeds are mainly wind dispersed[5] and can survive in the soil seed bank for up to 20 years.[9][10]

Flowers

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Flower head
Blooming in grassland habitat

The plant bears showy flowers that range from a deep rose to violet color, rarely white.[11] The large globose flower heads, containing hundreds of tiny individual flowers, are 3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) (rarely to 7 cm) in diameter and occur at the tips of stems. The flower heads commonly droop to a 90° to 120° angle from the stem when mature, hence its alternate name of "nodding thistle". Each plant may produce thousands of straw-colored seeds adorned with plume-like bristles. They are 4 to 6 cm across, with purple-red bracts.

The number of flower heads per plant is site-dependent and ranges from about 20–50 on good sites and 1–20 on poor sites. Flowering occurs from June to October,[12] and seed dissemination occurs approximately one month after the flowers form.

Distribution and habitat

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Carduus nutans is native to Europe, Western Siberia, Asia, and North Africa.[13] It has become invasive in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Southern Africa.[9] It is abundant in the North American Rocky Mountains.[12] The plant can grow at least to an elevation of 1,830 m (6,000 ft).[14][15] It typically grows in meadows and grasslands, in heavily grazed land in areas such as pastures, and on open disturbed soil such as roadsides and building sites.[12] It is found in neutral to acidic soils. It spreads rapidly in areas subjected to frequent natural disturbances such as landslides and flooding, but does not grow well in excessively wet, dry, or shady conditions.

Uses

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Medicinal

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Herbal decoctions have historically included Carduus nutans. Turkish folk medicine has used parts of the flowering branches to treat prostate disease.[16] It has also been documented that it has been used for treatment of liver disease, malaria, constipation, and kidney stones.[17]

Ecology

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Climate and habitat play a large role in phenology of Carduus nutans. Classified as a biennial, it can also act as a summer or winter annual, as well as a perennial, depending on varying environmental conditions.[8]

Invasive species

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C. nutans is an invasive species in various regions around the world, including in disturbed and agricultural settings, pastures, rangelands, along roadsides, and in natural habitats.[18][19] The first report of C. nutans in the United States was in Pennsylvania in 1953.[19] It is declared a noxious weed in many U.S. states, Canadian provinces, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia.[20] The plant is especially fertile, producing up to 20,000 seeds per plant,[8] that allows it to take root quickly and replace natural vegetation.[19][21] Pastures and rangelands suffer from decreased productivity and the sharp spines of the plant make an unsuitable grazing area for livestock.[19][8]

Biological control

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Several biological control agents have been released in attempt to control C. nutans. In Australia, some of those that have been released include Rhinocyllus conicus, Urophora solstitialis, and Trichosirocalus horridus.[22] In the United States there has been success with Rhinocyllus conicus, Trichosirocalus horridus, and Puccinia carduorum.[19] Previous populations in Southern California were eradicated, but it remains in northern California.[23] When biological control is successful, natural plants are shown to return to the habitat.[19]

Effects on biodiversity

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C. nutans reduces forage biomass availability for livestock through competition for nutrients[8] The spiny plants affect movement of animals through the area, further decreasing availability of forage biomass.[8] It also causes soil erosion on roadways and wastelands.

References

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  1. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ^ Jongejans, Eelke; Shea, Katriona; Skarpaas, Olav; Kelly, Dave; Sheppard, Andy W.; Woodburn, Tim L. (2008). "Dispersal and demography contributions to population spread of Carduus nutans in its native and invaded ranges". Journal of Ecology. 96 (4): 687–697. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01367.x. hdl:2066/65635. ISSN 0022-0477.
  3. ^ a b Julien, M. H.; McFadyen, R. E.; Cullen, Jim, eds. (2012). Biological control of weeds in Australia. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09993-7. OCLC 770639865.
  4. ^ Gassmann, A.; Kok, L.-T. (2002). "Musk Thistle (Nodding Thistle)". USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04: 413.
  5. ^ a b Young, Stephen L.; Clements, David R.; DiTommaso, Antonio (2017). "Climate Dynamics, Invader Fitness, and Ecosystem Resistance in an Invasion-Factor Framework". Invasive Plant Science and Management. 10 (3): 215–231. doi:10.1017/inp.2017.28. ISSN 1939-7291.
  6. ^ a b c Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 362–363. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
  7. ^ Rose, Francis (1981). The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 382–383. ISBN 0-7232-2419-6.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Han, Chengchou; Young, Stephen L. (2013). "Ecology of Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans) Seed Germination for Grasslands of Temperate Climates". Weed Science. 61 (4): 549–556. doi:10.1614/ws-d-13-00015.1. ISSN 0043-1745.
  9. ^ a b JONGEJANS, EELKE; SHEPPARD, ANDY W.; SHEA, KATRIONA (2006-08-23). "What controls the population dynamics of the invasive thistle Carduus nutans in its native range?". Journal of Applied Ecology. 43 (5): 877–886. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01228.x. ISSN 0021-8901.
  10. ^ Julien, M. H.; McFadyen, R. E.; Cullen, Jim, eds. (2012). Biological control of weeds in Australia. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09993-7. OCLC 770639865.
  11. ^ Gassmann, A.; Kok, L.-T. (2002). "Musk Thistle (Nodding Thistle)". USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04: 413.
  12. ^ a b c Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 362–363. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
  13. ^ Zhang, Rui; Shea, Katriona (2012). "Integrating multiple disturbance aspects: management of an invasive thistle, Carduus nutans". Annals of Botany. 110 (7): 1395–1401. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr312. ISSN 1095-8290. PMC 3489138. PMID 22199031.
  14. ^ Lackschewitz, Klaus. (1991). Vascular plants of west-central Montana : identification guide book /. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. p. 143. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.99925.
  15. ^ Gassmann, A.; Kok, L.-T. (2002). "Musk Thistle (Nodding Thistle)". USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04: 413.
  16. ^ Tuzlaci, Ertan (2010-01-01). "Turkish folk medicinal plants, VIII: Lalapasa (Edirne)" (PDF). Marmara Pharmaceutcal Journal. 1 (14): 47–52. doi:10.12991/201014463. ISSN 1309-0801.
  17. ^ Kozyra, Małgorzata; Kukula-Koch, Wirginia; Szymański, Michał (2022). "Phenolic Composition of Inflorescences of Carduus nutans L." Chemistry & Biodiversity. 19 (3): e202100827. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202100827. ISSN 1612-1872. PMID 34964548.
  18. ^ "Morocco's Fascinating Flora". Morocco.com. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Gassmann, A.; Kok, L.-T. (2002). "Musk Thistle (Nodding Thistle)". USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04: 413.
  20. ^ USDA . accessed 4.8.2013
  21. ^ Groenteman, R; Kelly, D; Fowler, Sv; Bourdôt, Gw (2011). "Abundance, phenology and impact of biocontrol agents on nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans ) in Canterbury 35 years into a biocontrol programme". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 54 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/00288233.2010.531743. ISSN 0028-8233.
  22. ^ Cullen, Jim (2012). Biological Control of Weeds in Australia. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 118–128. ISBN 978-0643099937.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  23. ^ Cal IPC—California Invasive Plants Council: Carduus nutans (musk thistle)
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