1924 in science

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The year 1924 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

November 23 – Edwin Hubble announces his discovery that Andromeda, previously believed to be a nebula, is actually another galaxy, and that the Milky Way is only one of many such galaxies in the universe.^[1]
The Einstein Tower near Potsdam, Germany, designed by Erich Mendelsohn, becomes operational as an astrophysical observatory.
Mount Stromlo Observatory near Canberra, Australia, is established as the Commonwealth Solar Observatory.
1056 Azalea is discovered.

Biology

The term "ectogenesis" is coined by British scientist J. B. S. Haldane to describe the growth of mammalian embryos in artificial environments.^[2]^[3]
California grizzly bear last sighted.

Biochemistry

The first inactive tetanus vaccine (tetanus toxoid, TT) is discovered by Gaston Ramon, C. Zoeller and P. Descombey and produced.^[4]
The first scarlet fever vaccine is discovered by George F. Dick and Gladys Dick.

History of science and technology

December 17 – Dismantling of James Watt's workshop for display in the Science Museum, London, commences.^[5]

Mathematics

Polish mathematicians Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski publish the Banach–Tarski paradox.^[6]
German mathematicians David Hilbert proposes Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel.^[7]
Polish logician Jan Łukasiewicz devises reverse Polish notation.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Medicine

German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger records the first human electroencephalogram.^[14]
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is first described by Hungarian-American pathologist and physician Eli Moschcowitz.^[15]
Johnson & Johnson begin mass producing Band-Aid.^[16]

Paleontology

October – The first specimen of Australopithecus africanus, the fossil skull of the "Taung Child", is identified in South Africa.^[17]

Physics

S. N. Bose and Albert Einstein publish papers in Zeitschrift für Physik applying Bose–Einstein statistics to light quanta and to atomic models and predicting existence of the Bose–Einstein condensate.
E. C. Stoner publishes a paper^[18] pointing out that for a given value of the principal quantum number (n), the number of energy levels of a single electron in the alkali metal spectra in an external magnetic field, where all degenerate energy levels are separated, is equal to the number of electrons in the closed shell of the rare gases for the same value of n. This leads to discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle which Wolfgang Pauli first proposes in a letter at the end of the year.
Louis de Broglie introduces the wave-model of atomic structure, based on the ideas of wave–particle duality.^[19]

Technology

February 5 – Hourly time signals from Royal Greenwich Observatory are broadcast for the first time.
February – John Logie Baird sends rudimentary television pictures over a short distance.^[20]
Václav Holek designs the ZB vz. 26 light machine gun for Zbrojovka Brno.
The earth inductor compass is developed by Morris Titterington at the Pioneer Instrument Company in Brooklyn, New York.
Kleenex available to the general public.^[21]

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics: Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn
- Medicine: Willem Einthoven

Births

February – Li Xintian (died 2019), Chinese neuropsychologist
February 21 – Thelma Estrin (died 2014), American computer scientist and biomedical engineer
March 2 – Michael Sela (died 2022), Polish-born Israeli immunologist
March 11 – Franco Basaglia (died 1980), Italian psychiatrist
March 12 – Mary Lee Woods (died 2017), English mathematician and computer programmer
March 23
- Bjørn G. Andersen (died 2012), Norwegian quaternary geologist and glaciologist (early environmental studies)
- Olga Kennard (died 2023), English crystallographer
May 3 – Isadore Singer (died 2021), American mathematician
May 7 – James Learmonth Gowans (died 2020), British immunologist
May 11 – Antony Hewish (died 2021), English radioastronomer (Nobel Prize in Physics 1974)
June 11 – César Lattes (died 2005), Brazilian experimental physicist (Nobel Prize in Physic, 1950)
June 24 – James W. Black (died 2010), Scottish pharmacologist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1988)
July 8 – Robert M. Chanock (died 2010), American pediatrician and virologist
July 15 – David Cox (died 2022), English statistician
August 1 – John Clive Ward (died 2000), English-born physicist working in quantum electrodynamics
September 10 – Elizabeth Killick (died 2019), English naval electronics engineer
September 22 – Laurel van der Wal (died 2009), American aeronautical engineer
September 26 – Jean Hoerni (died 1997), Swiss-born microelectronics engineer
November 9 – Don Beaven (died 2009), New Zealand medical researcher in the area of diabetes treatment and prevention
November 20 – Benoît Mandelbrot (died 2010), Polish-born French American mathematician, originator of fractal geometry
December 30 – Yvonne Brill (died 2013), Canadian scientist best known for her work developing rocket and jet propulsion technologies

Deaths

February 11 – Jacques Loeb (born 1859), German-born physiologist
February 27 – Émile Vallin (born 1833), French military physician.^[22]
March 22 – Sir William Macewen (born 1848), Scottish surgeon
April 4 – Arnold Pick (born 1851), Czech neurologist
April 24 – G. Stanley Hall (born 1844), American psychologist
September 24 – Alexandre Lacassagne (born 1843), French forensic scientist
October 1 – John Edward Campbell (born 1862), British mathematician
December 27 – Agda Meyerson (born 1866), Swedish nurse and healthcare profession activist

References

^ In The New York Times. Sharov, Aleksandr Sergeevich; Novikov, Igor Dmitrievich (1993). Edwin Hubble, the discoverer of the big bang universe. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-521-41617-7. Retrieved 2011-12-31. Formally published December 30 and presented as a paper at the January 1, 1925 meeting of the American Astronomical Society. Bartusiak, Marcia (2010). The Day We Found the Universe. Random House. pp. x–xi. ISBN 9780307276605.
^ "Artificial Wombs Are Coming, but the Controversy Is Already Here". Motherboard. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ James, David N. (1987). "Ectogenesis: A Reply to Singer and Wells". Bioethics. 1 (1): 80–99. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.1987.tb00006.x. PMID 11649763.
^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). "Tetanus" (PDF). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Washington, D.C.: Public Health Foundation. ISBN 978-0-01-706609-1. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
^ Russell, Ben (2014). James Watt: making the world anew. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-375-8.
^ Banach, Stefan; Tarski, Alfred (1924). "Sur la décomposition des ensembles de points en parties respectivement congruentes" (PDF). Fundamenta Mathematicae. 6: 244–277. doi:10.4064/fm-6-1-244-277.
^ Gamow, George (1947). One Two Three ... Infinity. New York: Viking Press. p. 17.
^ Łukasiewicz, Jan (1929). Elementy logiki matematycznej. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
^ Łukasiewicz, Jan (1951). "IV. Aristotle's System in Symbolic Form". Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. p. 78.
^ Łukasiewicz, Jan (1957). Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
^ Hamblin, Charles Leonard (1962-11-01). "Translation to and from Polish notation". Computer Journal. 5 (3): 210–213.
^ Ball, John A. (1978). Algorithms for RPN Calculators. Cambridge, Mass.: Wiley. p. 2. ISBN 0-471-03070-8.
^ Kennedy, John (August 1982). "RPN Perspective". PPC Calculator Journal. 9 (5): 26–29.
^ Haas, L. F. (2003). "Hans Berger (1873-1941), Richard Caton (1842-1926) and electroencephalography". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 74 (1): 9. doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.1.9. PMC 1738204. PMID 12486257.
^ Sukumar, Senthil; Lämmle, Bernhard; Cataland, Spero R. (January 2021). "Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10 (3): 536. doi:10.3390/jcm10030536. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 7867179. PMID 33540569.
^ "Band-Aid Brand: A History of Innovation". 2023-09-28.
^ Dart, Raymond A. (February 1925). "Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa" (PDF). Nature. 115 (2884): 195–99. Bibcode:1925Natur.115..195D. doi:10.1038/115195a0.
^ Stoner, E. C. (1924). "The distribution of electrons among atomic levels". Philosophical Magazine. 6th ser. 48 (286): 719–736. doi:10.1080/14786442408634535.
^ "Louis de Broglie: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929". Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941. Elsevier. 1965. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
^ "Landmark Dates". British TV History. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
^ "Kleenex Brand Story". September 28, 2023.
^ L. Vaillard; Agathe Floderer; Alexandre Wauthier. "Vallin Émile Arthur". cths.fr (in French). Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. Retrieved 11 February 2021.

[1] In The New York Times. Sharov, Aleksandr Sergeevich; Novikov, Igor Dmitrievich (1993). Edwin Hubble, the discoverer of the big bang universe. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-521-41617-7. Retrieved 2011-12-31. Formally published December 30 and presented as a paper at the January 1, 1925 meeting of the American Astronomical Society. Bartusiak, Marcia (2010). The Day We Found the Universe. Random House. pp. x–xi. ISBN 9780307276605.

[2] "Artificial Wombs Are Coming, but the Controversy Is Already Here". Motherboard. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

[3] James, David N. (1987). "Ectogenesis: A Reply to Singer and Wells". Bioethics. 1 (1): 80–99. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.1987.tb00006.x. PMID 11649763.

[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). "Tetanus" (PDF). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Washington, D.C.: Public Health Foundation. ISBN 978-0-01-706609-1. Retrieved 2012-07-07.

[5] Russell, Ben (2014). James Watt: making the world anew. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-375-8.

[6] Banach, Stefan; Tarski, Alfred (1924). "Sur la décomposition des ensembles de points en parties respectivement congruentes" (PDF). Fundamenta Mathematicae. 6: 244–277. doi:10.4064/fm-6-1-244-277.

[7] Gamow, George (1947). One Two Three ... Infinity. New York: Viking Press. p. 17.

[8] Łukasiewicz, Jan (1929). Elementy logiki matematycznej. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

[9] Łukasiewicz, Jan (1951). "IV. Aristotle's System in Symbolic Form". Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. p. 78.

[10] Łukasiewicz, Jan (1957). Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

[11] Hamblin, Charles Leonard (1962-11-01). "Translation to and from Polish notation". Computer Journal. 5 (3): 210–213.

[12] Ball, John A. (1978). Algorithms for RPN Calculators. Cambridge, Mass.: Wiley. p. 2. ISBN 0-471-03070-8.

[13] Kennedy, John (August 1982). "RPN Perspective". PPC Calculator Journal. 9 (5): 26–29.

[14] Haas, L. F. (2003). "Hans Berger (1873-1941), Richard Caton (1842-1926) and electroencephalography". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 74 (1): 9. doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.1.9. PMC 1738204. PMID 12486257.

[15] Sukumar, Senthil; Lämmle, Bernhard; Cataland, Spero R. (January 2021). "Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10 (3): 536. doi:10.3390/jcm10030536. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 7867179. PMID 33540569.

[16] "Band-Aid Brand: A History of Innovation". 2023-09-28.

[17] Dart, Raymond A. (February 1925). "Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa" (PDF). Nature. 115 (2884): 195–99. Bibcode:1925Natur.115..195D. doi:10.1038/115195a0.

[18] Stoner, E. C. (1924). "The distribution of electrons among atomic levels". Philosophical Magazine. 6th ser. 48 (286): 719–736. doi:10.1080/14786442408634535.

[19] "Louis de Broglie: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929". Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941. Elsevier. 1965. Retrieved 2007-02-28.

[20] "Landmark Dates". British TV History. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-12.

[21] "Kleenex Brand Story". September 28, 2023.

[22] L. Vaillard; Agathe Floderer; Alexandre Wauthier. "Vallin Émile Arthur". cths.fr (in French). Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. Retrieved 11 February 2021.

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