210s

The 210s decade ran from January 1, 210, to December 31, 219.

Events

210

By place

Roman Empire

Having suffered heavy losses since invading Scotland in 208, Emperor Septimius Severus sends his son - Caracalla - to systematically wipe out and torture the Scots into submission.^[1]

211

By place

Roman Empire

February 4 – Emperor Septimius Severus, having fallen ill, dies in Eboracum (modern-day York) while on campaign in Britain after an 18-year reign. He is later deified by the Senate. His sons Caracalla and Geta succeed him as joint Roman Emperors.
December 19 – Geta is lured to come without his bodyguards to meet Caracalla, to discuss a possible reconciliation. When he arrives the Praetorian Guard murders him, and he dies in the arms of his mother Julia Domna.
Eboracum becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire.

China

January – Warlord Cao Cao writes Ràng Xiàn Zì Míng Běn Zhì Lìng (讓縣自明本志令)
March – September: Battle of Tong Pass: Cao Cao defeats Ma Chao.

Parthia

Ardashir I becomes king of part of Persia.

By topic

Art

Baths of Caracalla construction begins (approximate date).

Religion

Marcus I is succeeded by Philadelphus, as Patriarch of Constantinople.

212

By place

Roman Empire

The edict of Emperor Caracalla (Constitutio Antoniniana) extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire, with the exception of a limited group that may include Egyptians. The Jewish people are among those who receive citizenship. All free women in the Empire are given the same rights as Roman women.^{[citation needed]}
Roman jurist Papinian, one of the famous jurists who flourished during the reign of the late emperor Septimius Severus, refuses to write a legal defence for the murder of Caracalla's brother, Publius Septimius Geta. He is beheaded in Rome, in Caracalla's presence.^{[citation needed]}
Caracalla quiets the objections of the Roman army to Geta's murder, by huge donations.^{[citation needed]}
Construction begins on the Baths of Caracalla in Rome.^{[citation needed]}
Edessa in Mesopotamia becomes a Roman province.^{[citation needed]}

213

By place

Roman Empire

Emperor Caracalla leaves Rome and expels some Germanic marauders from Gaul, while his mother, Julia Domna, rules the Empire.^[2] He defends the northern Rhine frontier against the Alamanni and the Chatti. Caracalla wins over the Germanic tribes on the banks of the River Main, and gives himself the title "Germanicus". It is probably while campaigning in Germania that he takes a liking to the caracalla, a Celtic or Germanic tunic from which he acquires the name by which he is known.

China (Han dynasty)

Cao Cao, the prime minister of the Han dynasty, is titled Wei Gong (Duke of Wei) and given a fief of ten cities under his domain.^[3] This later becomes the Kingdom of Wei.

214

By place

Roman Empire

The kingdom of Osroene becomes a province of the Roman Empire.
Caracalla's victories in Germany ensure his popularity within the Roman army.
The defences of Rhaetia are reinforced, in the form of an uninterrupted stone wall.

Korea

The Korean kingdom of Baekje attacks the Mohe tribes.
Gusu becomes king of Baekje.^[4]

China

Battle of Xiaoyao Ford: General Zhang Liao under the command of Cao Cao beats back Sun Quan at Hefei.
Liu Bei takes Yi Province from his clansman Liu Zhang, forming the later basis for Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period.
Pang Tong dies in the hands of the enemy in an ambush at the Valley of the Fallen Phoenix.

215

By place

Roman Empire

Caracalla's troops massacre the population of Alexandria, Egypt,^[5] beginning with the leading citizens. The emperor was angry about a satire, produced in Alexandria, mocking his claim that he killed Geta in self-defense.
A coin, the Antoninianus, is introduced.^[6]^[7] The weight of this coin is a mere ¹/₅₀ of a pound. Copper disappears gradually, and by the middle of the third century, with Rome's economy in crisis, the Antonianus will be the only official currency.

China

Zhang Liao holds off Sun Quan's invasion force at the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford in Hefei, China.

Caucasus

Vachagan I becomes king of Caucasian Albania.

216

By place

Roman Empire

The Baths of Caracalla in Rome are completed with public baths (Thermae), reading rooms, auditoriums, running tracks, and public gardens that cover 20 acres.^[8]
Emperor Caracalla tricks the Parthians by accepting a marriage proposal. He slaughters his bride and the wedding guests after the celebrations.^[9]
Caracalla provokes a war with Artabanus V (of Parthia) to imitate his idol Alexander the Great. He crosses the Tigris, destroys towns and spoils the tombs of Arbela. The Roman army annexes Armenia.
The basilica of Leptis Magna, ordered by Septimius Severus, is completed.

China

Chinese warlord Cao Cao is made a vassal and ruler of Wei (Former Wei) by Emperor Xian, the last ruler of the Han Dynasty.

By topic

Religion

Mithraism, which had begun in Persia, is on course to be adopted by many Roman soldiers serving in Asia.

217

By place

Roman Empire

April 8 – Caracalla is assassinated by his soldiers near Edessa. Marcus Opellius Macrinus, head of the Praetorian Guard, declares himself Roman emperor.
Summer – Battle of Nisibis: A Roman army, under the command of Macrinus, is defeated in a three days' battle by the Parthians at Nisibis, in the province of Mesopotamia.
King Artabanus V signs a peace treaty with Rome after he receives 200 million sesterces, for the rebuilding of towns destroyed during the war in Parthia.
Macrinus, of Mauritania, becomes the first equestrian Roman emperor.
Empress Julia, wife of Septimius Severus and mother of Caracalla and Geta, commits suicide.
The Colosseum is badly damaged by fire (lightning) which destroys the wooden upper levels of the amphitheater.

China

Battle of Ruxu: Warlord Cao Cao once again clashes with his rival Sun Quan in Yang Province.

By topic

Religion

December 20 – The papacy of Zephyrinus ends. Callixtus I is elected as the sixteenth pope, but is opposed by the theologian Hippolytus who accuses him of laxity and of being a Modalist, one who denies any distinction between the three persons of the Trinity.
Hippolytus begins his "pontificate" as antipope and sets up a breakaway church for Christian followers.

Sports

According to a tradition noted by 19th-century historian Stephen Glover, the earliest recorded game of association football (soccer) took place in Derby, England as a celebration on Shrove Tuesday, the day before commencement of the Lent season on Ash Wednesday, and 47 days before Easter Sunday^[10]^[11]

218

By place

Roman Empire

May 16 – Julia Maesa, an aunt of the assassinated Emperor Caracalla, is banished to her home in Syria by the self-proclaimed emperor Macrinus, and declares her grandson Elagabalus, age 14, emperor of Rome.
June 8 – Battle of Antioch: Elagabalus defeats, with the support of the Syrian legions, the forces of Macrinus. Macrinus flees, but is captured near Chalcedon and later executed in Cappadocia.
Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus, escapes to the Parthian court, but is captured at Zeugma and also put to death.

Asia

Spring – Ji Ben (or Ji Ping), Chinese court physician, plots a rebellion in the imperial capital Xu (modern-day Xuchang), but the revolt is suppressed and the conspirators are captured and executed.

By topic

Commerce

The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 43 percent under the reign of Elagabalus, down from 50 percent under Septimius Severus, as he empties the treasury.

219

By place

Roman Empire

Imperator Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Elagabalus) and Quintus Tineius Sacerdos become Roman Consuls.
Julia Maesa arranges, for her grandson Elagabalus, a marriage with Julia Paula. The wedding is a lavish ceremony and Paula is given the honorific title of Augusta.
Legions III Gallica and IV Scythica are disbanded by Elagabalus after their leaders, Verus and Gellius Maximus, rebel.
Emperor Elagabalus, age 15, is initiated into the worship of the Phrygian gods Cybele and Attis.

India

The reign of Pulona, Satavahana king of Andhra, begins in India.

China

The Battle of Mount Dingjun ends with Liu Bei emerging victorious. He declares himself king of Hanzhong afterwards.
Guan Yu floods the fortress at Fan (present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei) in the Battle of Fancheng, while Lü Meng captures his base in Jing Province. Guan Yu retreats to Maicheng, falls into an ambush, and gets captured by Sun Quan's forces.
Cao Cao controls the Yellow River basin and northern China. Sun Quan rules southern China. Liu Bei controls Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing).
Tuoba Liwei becomes the first chieftain of the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei people.

Significant people

Births

210

May 10 – Claudius II, Roman emperor (d. 270)
Dexippus, Greek historian and general (d. 273)
Egnatius Lucillianus, Roman governor (d. 244)
Ruan Ji, Chinese musician and poet (d. 263)

211

Sima Zhao, Chinese general and politician (d. 265)
Xiahou Hui (or Yuanrong), Chinese noblewoman (d. 234)

213

Gregory Thaumaturgus, Christian bishop (d. 270)
Sun Lü, Chinese general and nobleman (d. 232)

214

May 10 – Claudius Gothicus, Roman emperor (d. 270)
September 9 – Aurelian, Roman emperor (d. 275)^[12]
Cao Gan, Chinese prince and son of Cao Cao (d. 261)
Diophantus, Greek mathematician (approximate date)
Musa al-Mubarraqa, Arab imam (Twelver Shia) (d. 296)
Yang Huiyu, Chinese empress dowager (d. 278)

215

Huangfu Mi (or Shi'an), Chinese physician and poet (d. 282)

216

Mani, prophet and founder of Manichaeism (d. 274)^[13]

217

Fu Xuan, Chinese historian and poet (d. 278)
Hua He, Chinese official and historian (d. 278)
Jia Chong, Chinese politician and general (d. 282)
Wang Yuanji, Chinese empress dowager (d. 268)

218

Gallienus, Roman emperor (d. 268)^[14]
Yu Si, Chinese general and politician

219

Hua He (or Yongxian), Chinese official and historian (d. 278)
Sun Jun (or Ziyuan), Chinese general and regent (d. 256)

Deaths

210

Cao Chun, Chinese general and adviser (b. 170)
Liu Hong, Chinese astronomer and politician (b. 129)
Sextus Empiricus, Greek philosopher and writer
Zhou Yu, Chinese general and strategist (b. 175)

211

February 4 – Septimius Severus, Roman emperor (b. 145)^[15]
December 26 – Publius Septimius Geta, Roman emperor (b. 189)^[16]
Fulvia Plautilla, Roman empress and wife of Caracalla
Serapion of Antioch, patriarch of Antioch

212

Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor, daughter of Marcus Aurelius (b. 160)
Gao You, Chinese scholar, historian, politician and writer (b 168).^[17]
Ma Teng (or Shoucheng), Chinese general and warlord
Papinian, Roman jurist and praetorian prefect (b. 142)
Serenus Sammonicus, Roman poet and physician
Xun Yu, Chinese politician and adviser (b. 163)
Zhang Hong, Chinese official and politician (b. 153)

213

Tiberius Claudius Cleobulus, Roman politician
Wei Kang (or Yuanjiang), Chinese politician
Zhang Ren, Chinese general under Liu Zhang
Zhang Song, Chinese official and adviser

214

Chogo of Baekje, Korean ruler^[4]
Fu Shou, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty
Kuai Yue (or Yidu), Chinese politician and adviser
Pang Tong, Chinese politician and adviser (b. 179)
Peng Yang (or Yongnian), Chinese official (b. 178)
Sun Qian, Chinese diplomat, general and politician
Xun You, Chinese statesman and adviser (b. 157)

215

Chen Wu, Chinese general serving under Sun Quan
Clement of Alexandria, Greek scholar and philosopher
Han Sui (or Wenyue), Chinese general and warlord
Sun Yu, Chinese warlord and cousin of Sun Quan (b. 177)
Zhang Cheng, Chinese official serving under Cao Cao

216

Clement of Alexandria, Greek theologian (approximate date)
Cui Yan (or Jigui), Chinese official and politician (b. 165)
Huo Jun (or Zhongmiao), Chinese general and official
Mao Jie (or Xiaoxian), Chinese official and politician
Narcissus of Jerusalem, patriarch of Jerusalem
Pantaenus, Greek theologian (approximate date)
Zhang Lu, Chinese warlord and religious leader

217

April 8 – Caracalla, Roman emperor (b. 188)^[18]
December 20 – Zephyrinus, pope of Rome
Chen Lin, Chinese official and politician
Dong Xi (or Yuanshi), Chinese general
Julia Domna, Roman empress (b. 160)
Lucius Valerius Datus, Roman prefect
Ling Tong (or Gongji), Chinese general (b. 189)
Lu Su, Chinese general and politician (b. 172)
Sima Lang, Chinese official and politician (b. 171)
Wang Can, Chinese politician and poet (b. 177)
Xu Gan, Chinese philosopher and poet (b. 171)

218

June 8 – Macrinus, Roman emperor (b. 165)
Diadumenian, son of Macrinus (b. 208)
Cao Zizheng, Chinese marquis and warlord
Gu Shao, Chinese official and politician
Ji Ben (or Ji Ping), Chinese physician
Theoclia, Syrian Roman noblewoman
Yue Jin (or Wenqian), Chinese general

219

Jiang Qin (or Gongyi), Chinese general serving under Sun Quan
Lu Ji (or Gongji), Chinese scholar, official and politician (b. 188)
Marcus Munatius Sulla Cerialis, Roman governor and politician
Pang De (or Lingming), Chinese general serving under Cao Cao
Sima Fang (or Jianong), Chinese official and politician (b. 149)^[19]
Sun Jiao (or Shulang), Chinese general serving under Sun Quan
Xiahou Yuan (or Miaocai), Chinese general serving under Cao Cao
Yang Xiu (or Dezi), Chinese official, adviser and chancellor (b. 175)
Zhang Zhongjing, Chinese physician and pharmacologist (b. 150)

References

^ Southern, Patricia. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine Routledge, 2015. 62.
^ Messalla (2015-12-20). "Caracalla: The Years 213-214". - Corvinus -. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
^ Kessler, P. L. "Kingdoms of China - Cao Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms". The History Files. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
^ ^a ^b "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
^ Heine, Ronald E. (25 November 2010). Origen: Scholarship in the Service of the Church. Oxford University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-19-920907-1. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
^ Metcalf, William E. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford University Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-19-937218-8.
^ Lucassen, Jan (2007). Wages and Currency: Global Comparisons from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03910-782-7. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
^ Piranomonte, Marina (2008). The Baths of Caracalla : guide. Italy. Soprintendenza speciale per i beni archeologici di Roma (New ed., 1st ed.). Milano: Electa. ISBN 978-88-370-6302-3. OCLC 233929517.
^ Dunstan, William E. (2011). Ancient Rome. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1. OCLC 694787211.
^ p41 Foot-Ball: Its History for Five Centuries, by Montague Shearman and James E. Vincent (Field & Tuer, 1885) p41
^ Marion von Adlerstein, The Penguin Book Of Etiquette (Penguin UK, 2007)
^ White, John (2015). The Roman Emperor Aurelian : Restorer of the World. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. Chapter 4. ISBN 978-1-4738-4477-3. OCLC 935324108.
^ "Iran Chamber Society: Religion in Iran: Manichaeism". www.iranchamber.com. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
^ Ermatinger, James W. (2018). The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-4408-3809-5.
^ "Septimius Severus | Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
^ "Publius Septimius Geta - Roman emperor [died 212]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
^ Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (2016). "Reconstructing the Zhuang Zi: Preliminary Considerations" (PDF). Asiatische Studien. 70 (3). Zurich: University of Zurich: 650. doi:10.5167/uzh-133211.
^ "Caracalla | Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
^ Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol. 2): A Reference Guide, Part Two. BRILL. 2013. p. 986. ISBN 9789004201644.

[1] Southern, Patricia. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine Routledge, 2015. 62.

[2] Messalla (2015-12-20). "Caracalla: The Years 213-214". - Corvinus -. Retrieved 2023-08-14.

[3] Kessler, P. L. "Kingdoms of China - Cao Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms". The History Files. Retrieved 2023-08-14.

[met-4] "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2019.

[5] Heine, Ronald E. (25 November 2010). Origen: Scholarship in the Service of the Church. Oxford University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-19-920907-1. Retrieved 8 February 2024.

[6] Metcalf, William E. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford University Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-19-937218-8.

[7] Lucassen, Jan (2007). Wages and Currency: Global Comparisons from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03910-782-7. Retrieved 8 February 2024.

[8] Piranomonte, Marina (2008). The Baths of Caracalla : guide. Italy. Soprintendenza speciale per i beni archeologici di Roma (New ed., 1st ed.). Milano: Electa. ISBN 978-88-370-6302-3. OCLC 233929517.

[9] Dunstan, William E. (2011). Ancient Rome. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1. OCLC 694787211.

[10] 41 Foot-Ball: Its History for Five Centuries, by Montague Shearman and James E. Vincent (Field & Tuer, 1885) p41

[11] Marion von Adlerstein, The Penguin Book Of Etiquette (Penguin UK, 2007)

[12] White, John (2015). The Roman Emperor Aurelian : Restorer of the World. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. Chapter 4. ISBN 978-1-4738-4477-3. OCLC 935324108.

[13] "Iran Chamber Society: Religion in Iran: Manichaeism". www.iranchamber.com. Retrieved 2022-03-31.

[14] Ermatinger, James W. (2018). The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-4408-3809-5.

[15] "Septimius Severus | Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

[16] "Publius Septimius Geta - Roman emperor [died 212]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 April 2018.

[17] Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (2016). "Reconstructing the Zhuang Zi: Preliminary Considerations" (PDF). Asiatische Studien. 70 (3). Zurich: University of Zurich: 650. doi:10.5167/uzh-133211.

[18] "Caracalla | Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 March 2021.

[19] Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol. 2): A Reference Guide, Part Two. BRILL. 2013. p. 986. ISBN 9789004201644.

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