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Norman Lear

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Norman Lear
Lear in 1977
Born
Norman Milton Lear

(1922-07-27)July 27, 1922
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
DiedDecember 5, 2023(2023-12-05) (aged 101)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
EducationEmerson College
Occupations
  • Screenwriter
  • producer
Years active1946–2023
Known forSitcoms:
Spouses
  • Charlotte Rosen
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1943; div. 1956)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1956; div. 1985)​
  • Lyn Davis
    ​
    (m. 1987)​
Children6
Military career
Service / branch
Years of service1942–1945
RankTechnical sergeant
Unit
Battles / wars
Websitenormanlear.com

Norman Milton Lear (July 27, 1922 – December 5, 2023) was an American screenwriter and producer who produced, wrote, created, or developed over 100 shows.[1] Lear created and produced numerous popular 1970s sitcoms, including All in the Family (1971–1979), Maude (1972–1978), Sanford and Son (1972–1977), One Day at a Time (1975–1984), The Jeffersons (1975–1985), and Good Times (1974–1979). His shows introduced political and social themes to the sitcom format.[2]

Lear received many awards, including six Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, the National Medal of Arts in 1999, the Kennedy Center Honors in 2017, and the Golden Globe Carol Burnett Award in 2021. He was a member of the Television Academy Hall of Fame.

Lear was known for his political activism and funding of liberal and progressive causes and politicians. In 1980, he founded the advocacy organization People for the American Way to counter the influence of the Christian right in politics, and in the early 2000s, he mounted a tour with a copy of the Declaration of Independence.

Early life and education

[edit]

Norman Milton Lear was born on July 27, 1922, in New Haven, Connecticut,[3][4] to Jeanette (née Seicol) and Hyman "Herman" Lear, a traveling salesman.[4] He had a younger sister, Claire Lear Brown (1925–2015).[5] Lear grew up in a Jewish household in Connecticut and had a bar mitzvah ceremony.[6] Both parents were of Russian-Jewish descent.[7][8][9]

When Lear was nine years old and living with his family in Chelsea, Massachusetts,[10] his father went to prison for selling fake bonds.[11] Lear thought of his father as a "rascal" and said that the character of Archie Bunker (whom Lear depicted as white Protestant on the show) was in part inspired by his father, and the character of Edith Bunker was in part inspired by his mother.[11] However, Lear has said the moment which inspired his lifetime of advocacy was another event which he experienced at the age of nine, when he first heard antisemitic Catholic radio priest Father Charles Coughlin while tinkering with his crystal radio set.[12] After hearing more of Coughlin's radio sermons, Lear said he found Coughlin would promote antisemitism by targeting people whom Jews considered to be "great heroes", such as US President Franklin Roosevelt.[13]

Lear attended Samuel J. Tilden High School in Brooklyn, New York,[14] graduated from Weaver High School in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1940 and attended Emerson College in Boston, but dropped out in 1942 to join the United States Army Air Forces.[15]

Military career

[edit]

Lear enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces in September 1942.[16] He served in the Mediterranean theater as a radio operator and gunner on Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers with the 772nd Bomb Squadron, 463rd Bomb Group of the Fifteenth Air Force; in a 2014 interview, he talked about bombing Germany.[11] He flew 52 combat missions and received the Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters.[17] Lear was discharged from the Army Air Forces in 1945.[18] His World War II crew members are featured in the book Crew Umbriago by Daniel P. Carroll.[19]

Career

[edit]

1950–1959

[edit]

After World War II Lear had a career in public relations.[11] The career choice was inspired by his Uncle Jack: "My dad had a brother, Jack, who flipped me a quarter every time he saw me. He was a press agent so I wanted to be a press agent. That's the only role model I had. So all I wanted was to grow up to be a guy who could flip a quarter to a nephew."[6] Lear decided to move to California to restart his career in publicity, driving with his toddler daughter across the country.[11]

His first night in Los Angeles, Lear stumbled upon a production of George Bernard Shaw's Major Barbara at the 90-seat theater-in-the-round Circle Theater off Sunset Boulevard. One of the actors in the play was Sydney Chaplin, the son of actors Charlie Chaplin and Lita Grey. Charlie Chaplin, Alan Mowbray, and Dame Gladys Cooper sat in front of Lear, and after the show was over, Charlie Chaplin performed.[11]

Lear had a first cousin in Los Angeles, Elaine, who was married to an aspiring comedy writer named Ed Simmons. Simmons and Lear teamed up to sell home furnishings door-to-door for a company called The Gans Brothers and later sold family photos door-to-door. Throughout the 1950s, Lear and Simmons turned out comedy sketches for television appearances of Martin and Lewis, Rowan and Martin, and others. They frequently wrote for Martin and Lewis when they appeared on the Colgate Comedy Hour, and a 1953 article from Billboard magazine stated that Lear and Simmons were guaranteed a record-breaking $52,000 (equivalent to $590,000 in 2023) each to write for five additional Martin and Lewis appearances on the Colgate Comedy Hour that year.[20] In a 2015 interview with Variety, Lear said that Jerry Lewis had hired him and Simmons as writers for Martin and Lewis three weeks before the comedy duo made their first appearance on the Colgate Comedy Hour in 1950.[21] Lear also acknowledged in 1986 that he and Simmons were the main writers for The Martin and Lewis Show for three years.[22]

In 1954, Lear was enlisted as a writer and asked to salvage the new CBS sitcom starring Celeste Holm, Honestly, Celeste!, but the program was canceled after eight episodes. During this time he became the producer of NBC's short-lived (26 episodes) sitcom The Martha Raye Show, after Nat Hiken left as the series director. Lear also wrote some of the opening monologs for The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show[21][23] which aired from 1956 to 1961. In 1959, Lear created his first television series, a half-hour western for Revue Studios called The Deputy, starring Henry Fonda.[24]

1967–1977

[edit]
Lear standing before a bank of camera monitors in 1975

Starting out as a comedy writer, then a film director (he wrote and produced the 1967 film Divorce American Style and directed the 1971 film Cold Turkey, both starring Dick Van Dyke), Lear tried to sell a concept for a sitcom about a blue-collar American family to ABC. They rejected the show after two pilots were taped: "Justice for All" in 1968[25] and "Those Were the Days" in 1969.[26] After a third pilot was taped, CBS picked up the show, known as All in the Family. It premiered on January 12, 1971, to disappointing ratings, but it took home several Emmy Awards that year, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The show did very well in summer reruns,[27] and it flourished in the 1971–72 season, becoming the top-rated show on TV for the next five years.[28] After falling from the No. 1 spot, All in the Family still remained in the top ten, with the exception of the 1976-1977 television season where it ranked No. 12,[29] and eventually became Archie Bunker's Place. The show was based loosely on the British sitcom Till Death Us Do Part, about an irascible working-class Tory and his socialist son-in-law.[30]

Lear's second big TV sitcom, Sanford and Son, was also based on a British sitcom, Steptoe and Son,[31] about a west London junk dealer and his son. Lear changed the setting to the Watts section of Los Angeles and the characters to African Americans, and the NBC show Sanford and Son was an instant hit.[32] Numerous hit shows followed thereafter, including Maude, The Jeffersons (both spin-offs of All in the Family), One Day at a Time, and Good Times (which is a spinoff of Maude).[33]

Most of these Lear sitcoms share three features: they were shot on videotape in place of film, used a live studio audience, and dealt with current social and political issues.[34] Maude is generally considered to be based on Lear's wife Frances, which she confirmed, with Charlie Hauck serving as main producer and writer.[35][36]

Lear's longtime producing partner was Bud Yorkin, who also produced All in the Family, Sanford and Son, What's Happening!!, Maude, and The Jeffersons.[37] Yorkin split with Lear in 1975. He started a production company with writers and producers Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein; however, only two of their shows lasted longer than a year: What's Happening!! and Carter Country. The Lear/Yorkin company was known as Tandem Productions and was founded in 1958. Lear and talent agent Jerry Perenchio founded T.A.T. Communications ("T.A.T." stood for the Yiddish phrase tuchus affen tisch, "putting one's ass on the line".[38]) in 1974, which co-existed with Tandem Productions and was often referred to in periodicals as Tandem/T.A.T. The Lear organization was one of the most successful independent TV producers of the 1970s.[39] TAT produced the influential and award-winning 1981 film The Wave about Ron Jones' social experiment.[40]

Lear also developed the cult favorite TV series Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (MH MH) which was turned down by the networks as "too controversial" and placed it into first run syndication with 128 stations in January 1976. A year later, he added another program into first-run syndication along with MH MH, All That Glitters. He planned in 1977 to offer three hours of prime-time Saturday programming directly having stations place his production company in the position of an occasional network.[21][41]

In 1977, African-American screenwriter Eric Monte filed a lawsuit accusing ABC and CBS producers Norman Lear, Bud Yorkin, and others of stealing his ideas for Good Times, The Jeffersons, and What's Happening!! Monte received a $1-million settlement and a small percentage of the residuals from Good Times and one percent ownership of the show. Monte, due to his lack of business knowledge and experience as well as legal representation, would not receive royalties for other shows that he created. However, Lear and other Hollywood producers, outraged over the lawsuit, blacklisted Monte and labeled him too difficult to work with.[42]

1980–1999

[edit]

In 1980, Lear founded the organization People for the American Way for the purpose of counteracting the Christian right group Moral Majority which had been founded in 1979.[43] In the fall of 1981, Lear began a 14-month run as the host of a revival of the classic game show Quiz Kids for the CBS Cable Network. In January 1982, Lear and Jerry Perenchio bought Avco Embassy Pictures from Avco Financial Corporation. In January 1982, after merging with company with T.A.T. Communications, the Avco was dropped, and the combined entity was renamed as Embassy Communications, Inc.[44] Embassy Pictures was led by Alan Horn and Martin Schaeffer, later co-founders of Castle Rock Entertainment with Rob Reiner.[45]

In March 1982, Lear produced an ABC television special titled I Love Liberty, as a counterbalance to groups like the Moral Majority.[46] Among the many guests who appeared on the special was conservative icon and the 1964 U.S. presidential election's Republican nominee Barry Goldwater.[46]

On June 18, 1985, Lear and Perenchio sold Embassy Communications to Columbia Pictures (then owned by The Coca-Cola Company), which acquired Embassy's film and television division (including Embassy's in-house television productions and the television rights to the Embassy theatrical library) for $485 million of shares of The Coca-Cola Company.[47][48] The brand Tandem Productions was abandoned in 1986 with the cancellation of Diff'rent Strokes, and Embassy ceased to exist as a single entity in late 1986, having been split into different components owned by different entities.[49] Coca-Cola sold the film division to Dino De Laurentiis and the home video arm to Nelson Holdings (led by Barry Spikings).[50][51] The TV properties continued under the Columbia Pictures Television banner.[52]

Lear's Act III Communications was founded in 1986 and in the following year, Thomas B. McGrath was named president and chief operating officer of ACT III Communications Inc after previously serving as senior vice president.[53][54] On February 2, 1989, Norman Lear's Act III Communications formed a joint venture with Columbia Pictures Television called Act III Television to produce television series instead of managing.[55][56]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Act III Communications purchased several business journals, including Channels magazine that had been founded by Les Brown, former New York Times TV correspondent. Channels closed in 1990, by which time Act III and Brown published and edited Television Business International (TBI).[57][58]

Norman Lear was at the Texas Book Festival in 2014.

In 1997, Lear and Jim George produced the Kids' WB series Channel Umptee-3. The cartoon was notable for being the first television show to meet the Federal Communications Commission's then-new educational programming requirements.[59]

2000–2023

[edit]

In 2003, Lear appeared on South Park during the "I'm a Little Bit Country" episode, providing the voice of Benjamin Franklin. He also served as a consultant on the episodes "I'm a Little Bit Country" and "Cancelled". He attended a South Park writers' retreat,[60] with some of his ideas making it onto South Park,[61] and was the officiant at co-creator Trey Parker's wedding.[62] South Park served as a bond between Lear and his son Benjamin, who was not familiar with his more known work from the 1970s.[63][64]

In 2014, Lear published Even This I Get to Experience, a memoir.[2][65]

Lear is spotlighted in the 2016 documentary Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You.[66] In 2017, he served as executive producer for One Day at a Time, the reboot of his 1975–1984 show of the same name that premiered on Netflix starring Justina Machado and Rita Moreno as a Cuban-American family. He hosted a podcast, All of the Above with Norman Lear, since May 1, 2017.[67][68] On July 29, 2019, it was announced that Lear had teamed with Lin-Manuel Miranda and Steven Kunes to make an American Masters documentary about Moreno's life, tentatively titled Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go for It.[69]

In 2020, it was announced that Lear and Act III Productions would executive produce a revival of Who's the Boss?[70] At the time of his death in 2023, he was overseeing multiple shows in development, including a planned reboot of Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman.[71]

Awards and honors

[edit]

Lear has been honored for his influence on American television and culture.[72] Before All in the Family, television sitcoms in the 1950s and 1960s generally portrayed white American family life as comfortable and avoided raising issues such as racial discrimination and patriarchy.[73][74] Beginning in 1971, All in the Family openly discussed current social and political topics and became the country's most popular show for five straight years.[75][76] Lear's subsequent shows widened television's representation of racial and gender diversity, such as Good Times, the first television show centered on an African-American nuclear family;[77][78][79] Television screenwriter Paddy Chayefsky said that Lear "put the American people [on screen] ... he took the audience and put them on the set".[80] However, it has been acknowledged that James L. Brooks TV series Room 222, which was not made by Lear and which debuted before Lear's shows debuted, was also among the first shows to not only feature an African American lead character in a less stereotypical role, a high school teacher, but also invoke serious contemporary issues, with the Television Academy Foundation stating that "A season and a half before Norman Lear made "relevant" programming a dominant genre with the introduction of programs like All in the Family and Maude, Room 222 was using the form of the half-hour comedy to discuss serious contemporary issues. During its five seasons on the air, the show included episodes that dealt with such topics as racism, sexism, homophobia, dropping out of school, shoplifting, drug use among both teachers and students, illiteracy, cops in school, guns in school, Vietnam war veterans, venereal disease, and teenage pregnancy".[81]

Lear was among the 2017 Kennedy Center Honors recipients.

In 1999, President Bill Clinton awarded Lear the National Medal of Arts, noting: "Norman Lear has held up a mirror to American society and changed the way we look at it."[82] That year, he and Bud Yorkin received the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of excellence and innovation in creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television.[83][84] The Producers Guild of America awarded Lear its Achievement Award in Television in 2006; by the next year, the honor was named the Norman Lear Achievement Award in Television.[85][86] In 2017, he was awarded the fourth annual Woody Guthrie Prize presented by the Woody Guthrie Center, recognizing an artist whose work represents the spirit of Woody Guthrie "as a positive force for social change".[87] He became the oldest recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors later that year at the age of 95.[76]

Lear's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is located at 6615 Hollywood Boulevard.[88] He received other numerous honorary accolades, including:[89][90]

Political and cultural activities

[edit]
Jane Fonda and Norman Lear at a climate change awareness rally in 2020

Lear was an outspoken supporter of First Amendment and liberal causes. The only time that he did not support the Democratic candidate for president was in 1980 when he supported John Anderson over Jimmy Carter because he considered the Carter administration to be "a complete disaster".[91]

Lear was one of the wealthy Jewish Angelenos known as the Malibu Mafia.[92] In the 1970s and 1980s, the group discussed progressive and liberal political issues, and worked together to fund them. They helped to fund the legal defense of Daniel Ellsberg who had released the Pentagon Papers,[93] and they backed the struggling progressive magazine The Nation to keep it afloat.[94] In 1975, they formed the Energy Action Committee to oppose Big Oil's powerful lobby in Washington.[93]

People for the American Way

[edit]

In 1981, Lear founded People for the American Way (PFAW), a progressive advocacy organization formed in reaction to the politics of the Christian right.[93] PFAW ran several advertising campaigns opposing the interjection of religion in politics.[95] PFAW and other like-minded groups succeeded in their efforts to block Reagan's 1987 nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court.[96] Lear, a longtime critic of the Religious Right, was an advocate for the advancement of secularism.[97][98]

Prominent right-wing Christians including Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell, and Jimmy Swaggart have accused Lear of being an atheist and holding an anti-Christian bias.[97][98] In the January 21, 1987, issue of The Christian Century, Lear associate Martin E. Marty (a Lutheran professor of church history at the University of Chicago Divinity School between 1963 and 1998) rejected those allegations, stating the television producer honored religious moral values and complimenting Lear's understanding of Christianity.[98] Marty noted that while Lear and his family had never practiced Orthodox Judaism,[98] the television producer was a follower of Judaism.[98]

In a 2009 interview with US News journalist Dan Gilgoff, Lear rejected claims by right-wing Christian nationalists that he was an atheist and prejudiced against Christianity. Lear held religious beliefs and integrated some evangelical Christian language into his Born Again American campaign. He believed that religion should be kept separate from politics and policymaking.[97] In a 2014 interview with The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles journalist Rob Eshman, Lear described himself as a "total Jew" but said he was never a practicing one.[99]

In 1989, Lear founded the Business Enterprise Trust, an educational program that used annual awards, business school case studies, and videos to spotlight exemplary social innovations in American business until it ended in 1998. He announced in 1992 that he was reducing his political activism.[100] In 2000, he provided an endowment for a multidisciplinary research and public policy center, the Norman Lear Center, that explored the convergence of entertainment, commerce, and society at the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.[101]

Lear served on the National Advisory Board of the Young Storytellers Foundation. He wrote articles for The Huffington Post. He was a trustee of The Paley Center for Media.[102]

Declaration of Independence

[edit]

In 2001, Lear and his wife, Lyn, purchased a Dunlap broadside—one of the first published copies of the United States Declaration of Independence—for $8.1 million. John Dunlap printed about 200 copies of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Twenty-five copies survive today and only four of those are in private hands.[103]

Lear said in a press release and on the Today show that his intent was to tour the document around the United States so that the country could experience its "birth certificate" firsthand.[104] Through the end of 2004, the document traveled throughout the United States on the Declaration of Independence Road Trip, which Lear organized, visiting several presidential libraries, dozens of museums, as well as the 2002 Olympics, Super Bowl XXXVI, and the Live 8 concert in Philadelphia. Lear and Rob Reiner produced a filmed, dramatic reading of the Declaration of Independence—the last project filmed by famed cinematographer Conrad Hall—on July 4, 2001, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. The film is introduced by Morgan Freeman and Kathy Bates, Benicio del Toro, Michael Douglas, Mel Gibson, Whoopi Goldberg, Graham Greene, Ming-Na Wen, Edward Norton, Winona Ryder, Kevin Spacey, and Renée Zellweger appear as readers.[105] It was directed by Arvin Brown and scored by John Williams.[106]

In 2004, Lear established Declare Yourself which is a national nonpartisan, nonprofit campaign created to empower and encourage eligible 18- to 29-year-olds in America to register and vote. It has registered almost 4 million young people.[107][needs update]

Lear was one of 98 "prominent members of Los Angeles' Jewish community" who signed an open letter supporting the proposed nuclear agreement between Iran and six world powers led by the United States. The letter called for the passage of the bill and warned that the ending of the agreement by Congress would be a "tragic mistake".[108]

Personal life and death

[edit]

Lear was married three times.[15] His first marriage was to Charlotte Rosen in 1943. They divorced in 1956.

He was married to Frances Loeb, from 1956 to 1985.[109] They separated in 1983, with Loeb eventually receiving $112 million from Lear in their divorce settlement, part of which she used to found Lear's magazine.[35]

In 1987, he married Lyn Davis, who survived him. When she met Lear in 1984, Lyn was in the process of earning a doctorate in clinical psychology. She later became a documentary filmmaker through her production company Lyn Lear Productions.[110]

From his three marriages, he had six children.[111] He was a godparent to actress and singer Katey Sagal.[112]

Lear died at his Los Angeles home on December 5, 2023, from cardiac arrest, as a complication of heart failure. He was 101. His body was cremated.[113][114]

Numerous celebrities paid tribute to Lear, including Jimmy Kimmel, Bill Clinton, Tyler Perry, George Clooney, John Leguizamo, Jon Stewart, Valerie Bertinelli, Bob Iger, Rob Reiner, John Amos, Billy Crystal, Quinta Brunson, Rita Moreno, Mark Hamill, Ben Stiller, Albert Brooks and more. The Simpsons' episode 9 from the 35th season ends with the words "In memory of Norman Lear" and a picture of Lear where he is depicted as a character from the Simpsons.

TV productions

[edit]
One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)Channel Umptee-3704 HauserThe Powers That Be (TV series)Sunday Dinner (TV series)a.k.a. PabloPalmerstown, U.S.A.The BaxtersHanging InDiff'rent StrokesAmerica 2-NightA Year at the TopFernwood 2 NightAll That GlittersThe Nancy Walker ShowAll's FairThe Dumplings (TV series)Mary Hartman, Mary HartmanOne Day at a Time (1975 TV series)Hot L BaltimoreThe JeffersonsGood TimesMaude (TV series)Sanford and SonAll in the FamilyThe Deputy (TV series)

The chart does not include the made-for-television movies The Wave, which aired on October 4, 1981, or Heartsounds, which aired on September 30, 1984.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Lear, Norman. "Liberty and Its Responsibilities". Broadcast Journalism, 1979–1981. The Eighth Alfred I. DuPont Columbia University Survey, Ed. By Marvin Barrett. New York: Everest House, 1982. ISBN 978-0-896-96160-9. OCLC 8347364.
  • Lear, Norman. "Our Political Leaders Mustn't Be Evangelists", USA Today, August 17, 1984.
  • Lear, Norman and Ronald Reagan. "A Debate on Religious Freedom", Harper's Magazine, October 1984.
  • Lear, Norman. "Our Fragile Tower of Greed and Debt", The Washington Post, April 5, 1987.
  • Lear, Norman. Even This I Get to Experience. New York: The Penguin Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-594-20572-9. OCLC 870919776.

References

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  1. ^ Lear, Norman (2014). Even This I Get To Experience. Penguin. pp. preface. ISBN 978-0143127963.
  2. ^ a b Morris, Chris (December 6, 2023). "Norman Lear, TV Legend, Dies at 101". Variety. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023 – via Yahoo!.
  3. ^ "Norman Lear Biography: Screenwriter, Television Producer, Pilot (1922–)". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Norman Lear Fast Facts". CNN. September 30, 2016. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  5. ^ Lynch, M.A.C. (March 12, 2006). "Their Junior High Romance Has Lasted 60 Happy Years". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  6. ^ a b "An Interview with Norman Lear". Aish HaTorah. March 6, 2001. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  7. ^ "Norman Lear – United States Census, 1930". FamilySearch. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  8. ^ "Family:Herman Lear and Jeanette Seicol (1)". WeRelate. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  9. ^ Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2016, PBS
  10. ^ Radio interview with Norman Lear, January 16 2022 archived from WGBH (FM) broadcast
  11. ^ a b c d e f Lopate, Leonard (October 15, 2014). "Norman Lear's Storytelling, the Brooklyn Museum's Killer Heels". The Leonard Lopate Show. WNYC. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  12. ^ Schneider, Michael (September 17, 2019). "How Norman Lear Devoted Himself to a Lifetime of Advocacy". Variety. Archived from the original on January 2, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
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  16. ^ "Norman M Lear – United States World War II Army Enlistment Records". FamilySearch. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
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  19. ^ "Tail-Gunner: 'We Were a Crazy Bunch of Guys'". Orlando Sentinel. November 6, 1991. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
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  21. ^ a b c Gray, Tim (October 30, 2015). "Norman Lear Looks Back on Early Days as TV Comedy Writer". Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  22. ^ "Writing for Early Live Television | television, film, political and social activist, philanthropist". Archived from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  23. ^ Sickels, Robert C. (August 8, 2013). 100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598848311. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2020 – via Google Books.
  24. ^ Jones, John N. (June 4, 1959). "TV digest". Alton (Illinois) Evening Telegraph. p. 35. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ "Justice For All". September 6, 2018. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2018 – via YouTube.
  26. ^ "Those Were The Days". October 8, 2018. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2018 – via YouTube.
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  28. ^ Leonard, David J; Guerrero, Lisa (April 23, 2013). African Americans on Television: Race-ing for Ratings. Abc-Clio. ISBN 9780275995157. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  29. ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth ed.). Ballantine Books. p. 1688. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.
  30. ^ Prial, Frank J. (May 12, 1983). "CBS-TV is Dropping Archie Bunker". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  31. ^ Murray, Noel (July 19, 2016). "Sanford And Son may have copied other shows, but Redd Foxx was an original". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  32. ^ Deggans, Eric (February 11, 2022). "The Significance of Sanford and Son". Television Academy. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  33. ^ Gray, Tim (January 12, 2021). "How 'All in the Family' Spawned the Most Spinoffs of Any Sitcom". Variety. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  34. ^ Weinman, Jaime (September 30, 2008). "Is It Time For Sitcoms To Go Back to Videotape?". Maclean's. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  35. ^ a b Nemy, Enid (October 1, 1996). "Frances Lear, a Mercurial Figure of the Media and a Magazine Founder, Dead at 73". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  36. ^ Lee, Janet W. (November 20, 2020). "Charlie Hauck, Writer-Producer of 'Maude' and 'Frasier,' Dies at 79". Variety. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  37. ^ Roberts, Sam (August 19, 2015). "Bud Yorkin, Writer and Producer of 'All in the Family,' Dies at 89". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  38. ^ Miller, Taylor Cole (2017). "Chapter 2: Rewriting Genesis: Queering Genre in Norman Lear's First-Run Syndicated Serials". Syndicated Queerness: Television Talk Shows, Rerun Syndication, and the Serials of Norman Lear (PhD). University of Wisconsin–Madison.
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Sources

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Further reading

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Norman Lear.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Norman Lear.
External videos
video icon Norman Lear Hall of Fame Induction 1984, Television Academy
video icon Good Times With Norman Lear – Dispatches From Quarantine, June 29, 2020, Silver Screen Studios
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