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Rail transport in Germany

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Rail network of Germany
An ICE 3 high-speed train approaching Köln Hauptbahnhof
Operation
National railwayDeutsche Bahn
Statistics
Ridership2.87 billion (2018)[1]
Passenger km97.8 billion (2018)[1]
Freight116 billion tkm (2018)[1]
System length
Total33,399 km (20,753 mi)
(2022, Deutsche Bahn only)[2]
Double track18,556 km (11,530 mi)
(2022, Deutsche Bahn only)[2]
Electrified20,540 km (12,760 mi)
(2022, Deutsche Bahn only)[2]
High-speed1,658 km (1,030 mi)[3]
Track gauge
Main1,435 mm / 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in standard gauge
High-speedstandard gauge
Electrification
Main15 kV 16.7 Hz
750 V DCBerlin S-Bahn
1,200 V DCHamburg S-Bahn
Features
No. tunnels1,079[4]
Tunnel length168,121 km (104,466 mi)[4]
Map

Map of the railway network in Germany as of 2020:

  Main lines
  Branch lines

Rail transport in Germany is provided predominantly by Deutsche Bahn (DB, lit. 'German Railway'). As of 2021, the railway network in Germany had a length of 33,399 km (20,753 mi), of which 20,540 km (12,760 mi) were electrified and 18,556 km (11,530 mi) were double track.[2] About 1,658 km (1,030 mi) are high-speed railway lines.[3]

Germany was ranked fourth among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety.[5] It had a very good rating for intensity of use, by both passengers and freight, and good ratings for quality of service and safety.[5] It also captured relatively high value in return for public investment with cost to performance ratios that outperform the average ratio for all European countries.[5]

Germany's rail freight of 117 billion tons/kilometer meant it carried 17.6% of all inland German cargo in 2015.[6]

Germany is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Germany is 80.

Urban rail transit in Germany includes rapid transit (known as U-Bahn), commuter rail (known as S-Bahn), Stadtbahn (light rail), trams and funiculars. Two cities have suspension railways (Schwebebahn): Dresden and Wuppertal.

Overview

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In 2018, railways in Germany transported the following numbers of passengers and freight.[1]

Passenger/payload-distance Passenger/payload Average distance
Passenger Long-distance 42,886,000,000 pkm 148,629,000 289 km (180 mi)
Local 54,919,000,000 pkm 2,724,800,000 20 km (12 mi)
Sum 97,805,000,000 pkm 2,873,429,000 34 km (21 mi)
Freight 116,273,000,000 tkm 354,430,000 t 328 km (204 mi)

Operators

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See also: List of German railway companies and List of former German railway companies

Deutsche Bahn (DB), a state-owned private company, is the main provider of railway service. In recent years a number of competitors have started business, such as SWEG, ODEG or FlixTrain. DB runs several semi-independant divisions, such as DB Fernverkehr (lit. 'DB Long-Distance Traffic'), DB Regio (with several subsidiaries) and DB Cargo. DB mostly offers state-funded regional services, but some companies offer long-distance services as well. In 2016, DB had a share of 67% in the regional railway market and 68.6% in the inland freight market.[7] As of October 2016, there were 452 railway operators registered in Germany, among them 124 regional passenger operators, 20 long-distance operators, and 163 freight operators.[7]

In 2018, public sector funding accounted for 25.6% of the cost of short-distance passenger transport including all rail and bus services.[8] The long-distance market generally does not require government funding.[9]

Special schemes

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Full train in Hamburg during the 9-Euro-Ticket campaign, August 10, 2022

In June, July and August 2022, there was a special ticket called the 9-Euro-Ticket, which was a ticket with which passengers could travel for €9 per month on local and regional transport throughout Germany. The initiative aimed to reduce energy consumption during the global energy crisis in 2021–2022 and alleviate the costs of living for people. Some criticized the enterprise, saying it led to overcrowding of trains at some points

The Deutschlandticket replaces the 9-Euro-Ticket. This subscription public transport ticket costs €49 and is valid for all local public transport in Germany. The price for the Deutschlandticket will be raised to €58 per month in January 2025.[10]

Services

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See also: Train categories in Europe § Germany

Long-distance services of Deutsche Bahn

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Long-distance services of Deutsche Bahn (DB) are operated by its DB Fernverkehr (lit. 'DB Long-Distance Traffic') division:

InterRegio services, introduced in 1988 to replace the former Schnellzug (lit. 'fast train') and InterCity, were discontinued in 2003.

The UrlaubsExpress (lit. 'Holiday Express'), national night trains to the Alps and the Baltic Sea during vacation times, were abolished in 2007.

Deutsche Bahn is gradually increasing the percentage of InterCity-Express services and downgrading the remaining InterCity services to the role formerly played by the InterRegio.

Long-distance services of other operators

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Cisalpino (discontinued in December 2006) provided services to Switzerland and Italy.

Thalys (now operates as EuroStar Red), was a high-speed services to Belgium and France, using modified French TGV trains.

Veolia Verkehr (Now merged into Transdev) offered services on certain former InterRegio routes (Harz-Berlin-Express, Ostseeland Express) until 2014.

Regional and local

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S-Bahn networks in Germany

Regional and local rail traffic is organised and funded (as the fares usually do not cover the running costs) by the federal states. The usual procedure under EU legislation is to award the contract to the lowest bid by means of a tender procedure. The respective states are free to announce short- or long-term contracts as well as to stipulate further conditions such as on rolling stock. In recent years, many bids have been won by private rail companies like NordWestBahn or Arriva, although some states have awarded long-term contracts to local DB Regio subsidiaries. The train types for regional and local traffic are as follows (see also: List of suburban and commuter rail systems).

Previously, there were also other regional train types, the Stadt-Express (SE), formerly named City-Bahn (CB).

By state

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State Services
 Baden-Württemberg List of railway routes in Baden-Württemberg
 Bavaria List of railway routes in Bavaria
 Berlin
 Brandenburg		 List of railway routes in Berlin and Brandenburg
 Bremen Bremen S-Bahn
 Hamburg Hamburg S-Bahn / U-Bahn
 Hesse List of railway routes in Hesse
 Lower Saxony List of railway routes in Lower Saxony
 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern List of railway routes in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 North Rhine-Westphalia List of regional rail lines in North Rhine-Westphalia
 Rhineland-Palatinate List of rail services in Rhineland-Palatinate
 Saarland —
 Saxony List of railway routes in Saxony
 Saxony-Anhalt List of railway routes in Saxony-Anhalt
 Schleswig-Holstein List of railway routes in Schleswig-Holstein
 Thuringia List of railway routes in Thuringia

Infrastructure

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Stations

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Main article: Railway stations in Germany
See also: German railway station categories, Railway station types in Germany, and List of busiest railway stations in Germany

Lines

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Main articles: List of scheduled railway routes in Germany and German railway route numbers

Signals

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Main article: Railway signals in Germany

Rolling stock

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Main article: List of Deutsche Bahn AG locomotives and railbuses
See also: German locomotive classification and German railway wagon classes

In 2014 (local passenger) and 2015 (other), the rolling stock used in Germany included the following numbers of vehicle types.[11]

Passenger Freight Sum
Long-distance Local
High speed Other Railways Tramways
EMUs 143 5581 6371 12114
DMUs 19
Electric locomotives 164 228 1142 1627 4174
Diesel locomotives 29 984
Carriages 972 1706 4397 786 8013
Control cars 45 107
Wagons 141143 141143

Track gauges

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See also: Narrow gauge railways in Germany
Gauge Notes
Name Metric (mm) Imperial
1,800 5 ft 10+7⁄8 in Oberweißbacher Bergbahn (funicular section only)[12]
Irish gauge 1,600 5 ft 3 in Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway 1840–1855[12]
Russian gauge 1,520 4 ft 11+5⁄6 in Only at Sassnitz/Mukran ferry terminal for freight train ferries to Klaipėda and Baltijsk
1,458 4 ft 9+2⁄5 in Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe AG
1,450 4 ft 9+1⁄5 in Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe AG
Standard gauge 1,435 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in The standard gauge both domestically and internationally
Metre gauge 1,000 3 ft 3+3⁄8 in Harz Narrow Gauge Railways, trams
900 2 ft 11+7⁄16 in Mecklenburgische Bäderbahn Molli
750 2 ft 5+1⁄2 in Lößnitzgrundbahn; Weißeritztalbahn; Döllnitzbahn GmbH; Zittauer Schmalspurbahn; Fichtelbergbahn

Platform height

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See also: Railway platform height
Application of the EU standard platform heights for new constructions:
  550 mm (22 in)
  760 mm (30 in)
  both 550 mm and 760 mm
  New builds in other heights than the EU standards

The European Union Commission issued a TSI (Technical Specifications for Interoperability) on 30 May 2002, (2002/735/EC) that sets out standard platform heights for passenger steps on high-speed rail. These standard heights are 550 mm (22 in) and 760 mm (30 in).[13][note 1]

In Germany new builds are 550 mm and 760 mm. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has new builds with 550 mm.[15] Hesse, NRW, Berlin had new builds with 760 mm.[15]

High-speed railways

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Main article: High-speed rail in Germany
[edit]

Germany has rail links to all of its nine neighbouring nations. These countries use the same mainline gauge (1,435 mm / 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in standard gauge), although electrification (15 kV AC 16.7 Hz) and other systems such as signalling may differ.

There are also train ferries (carrying only goods wagons) between Rostock and Trelleborg (Sweden) across the Baltic Sea.[16] The Lake Constance train ferries linked Germany with Switzerland (1869−1976) and Austria (1884−1917) across Lake Constance (Bodensee).

International passenger trains

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See also: Train categories in Europe § Germany

Local border services are not listed.[needs update]

Service Route Countries
Eurostar Eurostar Dortmund — Köln Hbf — Brussels-South — Paris Nord Germany – Belgium – France
EC 27 (‹See TfM›Westerland / Kiel —) Hamburg — Berlin Hbf — Prague (— Budapest) Germany – Czech Republic (– Hungary)
EC/RJ 62 Saarbrücken / Frankfurt (Main) — Stuttgart — Salzburg — Klagenfurt / Graz Germany – Austria
ECE 85 Frankfurt (Main) — Basel — Milan Germany – Switzerland – Italy
ECE 88 Munich — Bregenz — Zurich Germany – Austria – Switzerland
EC 89 Munich — Innsbruck — Verona (— Bologna / Venice) Germany – Austria – Italy
EC 95 Berlin — Warsaw Wschodnia / Gdynia Germany – Poland
ICE 12 Berlin — Frankfurt (Main) — Basel SBB — Interlaken Ost / Zurich HB Germany –Switzerland
ICE 20 Kiel — Fulda — Basel — Chur Germany – Switzerland
IC 32 Münster / Dortmund — Stuttgart — Salzburg — Klagenfurt Germany – Austria
ICE 43 Amsterdam / Dortmund — Cologne — Basel Netherlands – Germany – Switzerland
ICE 60 (Basel Bad Bf —) Karlsruhe — Munich (Switzerland –) Germany
IC 76 ‹See TfM›Aarhus / Copenhagen — Hamburg Denmark – Germany
IC 77 Amsterdam — Berlin Ostbahnhof Netherlands – Germany
ICE 78 Amsterdam — Frankfurt Netherlands – Germany
ICE 79 Brussels-Central — Frankfurt (Main) Belgium – Germany
ICE/TGV 82 Paris East — Saarbrücken / Frankfurt (Main) France – Germany
ICE/TGV 83 Paris East — Strasbourg-Ville — Munich France – Germany
ICE/TGV 84 Marseille — Frankfurt (Main) France – Germany
IC 87 Stuttgart — Singen — ‹See TfM›Konstanz / Zurich Germany (– Switzerland)
ICE/RJX 90 Budapest — Vienna West — Munich Hungary – Austria – Germany
ICE 91 (Dortmund —) Frankfurt — Vienna Germany – Austria
Stuttgart — Munich — Salzburg — Vienna West Germany – Austria
ALX Munich — Prague Germany – Czech Republic
EuroNight Berlin / Hamburg — Odense — Malmö Germany – Denmark – Sweden
EN Stuttgart-Zagreb Munich — Salzburg — Ljubljana — Zagreb / Rijeka Germany – Austria – Slovenia – Croatia
NightJet Berlin / Hamburg — Zurich Germany – Switzerland
NightJet Hamburg / Düsseldorf — Vienna / Innsbruck Germany – Austria
NightJet Vienna — Břeclav — Berlin-Charlottenburg / Warsaw Wschodnia Austria – Czech Republic – Germany / Poland
NightJet (Stuttgart —) Munich — Salzburg — Venice / Rome Germany – Austria – Italy
European Sleeper European Sleeper Berlin — Amsterdam — Brussels Germany – Netherlands – Belgium

Urban rail

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Rapid transit

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Class H of Berlin U-Bahn
Main article: Rapid transit in Germany

Commuter rail

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Main article: S-Bahn § Germany

Tramways and Stadtbahn

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Bombardier Flexity Berlin of Straßenbahn Berlin
Main articles: Trams in Germany and Stadtbahn
See also: List of town tramway systems in Germany

Funiculars

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Main article: List of funicular railways § Germany

Mountain and rack railways

[edit]
Main articles: Mountain railway § Germany, and List of rack railways § Germany

Heritage railways

[edit]
Main article: List of heritage railways § Germany

History

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Main article: History of rail transport in Germany
A German mine cart with a guide pin (in Fig. F), in a 1556 drawing by Georgius Agricola (De re metallica Libri XII), the forerunner of all modern railway wagons

The earliest form of railways, wagonways, were developed in Germany in the 16th century. A wagonway operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by Georgius Agricola (image right) in his work De re metallica.[17] This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the cart fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons Hunde ("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks.[18] Such wagonways soon became very popular in Europe.

Modern German rail history officially began with the opening of the steam-hauled Bavarian Ludwig Railway between Nuremberg and Fürth on 7 December 1835. The first long distance railway was the Leipzig-Dresden railway, completed on 7 April 1839. The following years saw a rapid growth: By the year 1845, there were already more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) of railroads in Germany, and ten years later that number was above 8,000.

German unification in 1871 stimulated consolidation, nationalization into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth.[19] Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialization, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and forged ahead of France.[20] 1915 Leipzig Hauptbahnhof had become one of the largest stations worldwide.

Under the Weimar Republic, the Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen (later Deutsche Reichsbahn) was created on 1 April 1920.

During the Second World War, austere versions of the standard locomotives were produced to speed up construction times and minimise the use of imported materials. These were the so-called war locomotives (Kriegslokomotiven and Übergangskriegslokomotiven). Absent a good highway network and trucks, the Germans relied heavily on the railways, supplemented by slower river and canal transport for bulk goods.[21]

After the war, the German railway system was split into the Deutsche Bundesbahn of West Germany and the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany.

In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell. Train frequency rapidly increased on the existing East/West corridors; closed links which had formerly crossed the border were re-opened. On 3 October 1990, Germany was reunified; however, this was not immediately the case with the railways. Administrative and organisational problems led to the decision to completely re-organise and reconnect Germany's railways. The so-called Bahnreform (Railway Reform) came into effect on 1 January 1994, when the two state railways were formally reunited to form the current German Railway Corporation (Deutsche Bahn).[22] At the time the Bahnreform was seen as a "first step" towards future railway privatization and Deutsche Bahn operates as a joint stock company (AG) even though the federal government owns all stocks. However, plans for privatization were delayed by the Great Recession and ultimately cancelled altogether. The railway sector was however liberalized insofar as Deutsche Bahn lost its railway monopoly status in 1996;[23] regional services are now subject to open bidding ("Regionalisierung" or "regionalization", as the responsibility for local rail services was transferred from the federal government to the 16 state governments) whereas long distance services are subject to open access operation. However, while the share of DB in the market of regional rail has declined since 1994 - in the context of an overall expanding market of regional rail service - the vast majority of long distance trains are still operated by or in cooperation with Deutsche Bahn AG.

The German railways were long protected from competition from intercity buses on journeys over 50 km. However, in 2013, this protection was removed,[24] leading to a significant shift from rail to bus for long journeys.[25]

National strikes

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  • 2007, by the locomotive engineers union
  • 2021, by Deutsche Bahn workers

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In reference to EU documentation on interoperability of trans-national high speed rail (see EU Directive 96/48/EC) platform height is measured from the top of the running surface of the rail.[14]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) (29 November 2019). "Fachserie 8 Reihe 2 - Verkehr - Eisenbahnverkehr - 2018" (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Railway Statistics 2022 Report" (PDF).
  3. ^ a b "Europe's High-Speed Rail Leaders". The Globalist. 8 September 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Statistik der Eisenbahn-Tunnel in Deutschland" (in German). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  5. ^ a b c "the 2017 European Railway Performance Index". Boston Consulting Group. 8 January 2021.
  6. ^ "Is the German Rail Freight System broken? A portrait of DB Cargo | Combined Transport". 4 September 2017.
  7. ^ a b Barrow, Keith (1 September 2017). "German Monopoly Commission challenges DB dominance". International Railway Journal: Rolling Stock. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  8. ^ Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen. "VDV-Statistik 2019". p. 36. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  9. ^ "Market Analysis: German Railways 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  10. ^ "Germany increases 'Deutschlandticket' price to €58". Deutsche Welle. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  11. ^ Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) (18 March 2021). "Fachserie 8 Reihe 2.1 - Verkehr - Eisenbahnverkehr - Betriebsdaten des Schienenverkehrs - 2019" (PDF). pp. 10–11. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  12. ^ a b Rieger, Bernhard (23 April 2006). "Breitspurbahn". Archived from the original on 7 January 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  13. ^ 2002/735/EC , sections 7.3.4 and 4.2.5
  14. ^ "Commission Recommendation of 21 March 2001 on the basic parameters of the trans-European high-speed rail system referred to in Article 5(3)(b) of Directive 96/48/EC". eur-lex.europa.eu. European Union. 21 March 2001. section 6.1. Platform height is measured between the track running surface and the platform surface along the perpendicular
  15. ^ a b "104_barriere.pdf" (PDF). pro-bahn.de (in German). Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  16. ^ "Eisenbahn-Fährverkehr von Rostock nach Trelleborg besteht seit 30 Jahren" (in German). Nordkurier. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  17. ^ Georgius Agricola (trans Hoover), De re metallica (1913), p. 156.
  18. ^ Lee, Charles E. (1943). The Evolution of Railways (2 ed.). London: Railway Gazette. p. 16. OCLC 1591369.
  19. ^ by Colleen A. Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia (1994).
  20. ^ Allan Mitchell, Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815-1914 (2000)
  21. ^ Alfred C. Mierzejewski, The most valuable asset of the Reich. A history of the German National Railway: Vol 1: 1920-1932 (1999); Vol 2: 1933-1945 (2000)
  22. ^ Lutz, Friedrich; Lange, Bernd & Müller, Matthias (2003). "DB launches new locomotive strategy". International Railway Journal. 43 (11): 42.(subscription required)
  23. ^ Berlich, Carolin; Daut, Felix; Freund, Anna C.; Kampmann, Andrea; Killing, Benedict; Sommer, Friedrich & Wöhrmann,Arnt (2017). "Deutsche Bahn AG: a former monopoly off track?". The CASE Journal. 13: 25–58. doi:10.1108/TCJ-07-2014-0051.
  24. ^ "Derailing the Train: How Intercity Buses Are Changing the Way We Travel in Germany". 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  25. ^ Logistics, Oliver Wyman on Transportation &. "European Bus Upstarts Snatch 20% of Passengers from Rail". Forbes.

Further reading

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[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rail transport in Germany.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rail travel in Germany.
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