Boiling points of the elements (data page)
This is a list of the various reported boiling points for the elements, with recommended values to be used elsewhere on Wikipedia.
Boiling points, Master List format
[edit]In the following table, the use row is the value recommended for use in other Wikipedia pages in order to maintain consistency across content.
Reference | Kelvin | Celsius | Fahrenheit |
---|---|---|---|
1 H hydrogen (H2) | |||
use | 20.271 K | −252.879 °C | −423.182 °F |
WebEl | 20.28 K | −252.87 °C | −423.17 °F |
CRC | −252.879 °C | ||
Lange | −252.88 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 21.15 K | -252 °C | |
2 He helium | |||
use | 4.222 K | −268.928 °C | −452.07 °F |
WebEl | 4.22 K | −268.93 °C | −452.07 °F |
CRC | −268.928 °C | ||
Lange | −268.935 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4.15 K | -269 °C | |
3 Li lithium | |||
use | 1603 K | 1330 °C | 2426 °F |
WebEl | 1615 K | 1342 °C | 2448 °F |
CRC | 1342 °C | ||
Lange | 1330 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1603 K | 1330 °C | |
4 Be beryllium | |||
use | 2742 K | 2469 °C | 4476 °F |
WebEl | 2742 K | 2469 °C | 4476 °F |
CRC | 3243 K | ||
Lange | 2467 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3243 K | 2970 °C | 5378 °F |
5 B boron | |||
use | 4200 K | 3927 °C | 7101 °F |
WebEl | 4200 K | 3927 °C | 7101 °F |
CRC | 4000 °C | ||
Lange | 3864 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4203 K | 3930 °C | |
6 C carbon (graphite) | |||
use | |||
WebEl | ? (4300 K) | ? (4027 °C) | ? (7281 °F) |
CRC | subl. 3825 °C | ||
Lange | subl. (3915–4020) °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5103 K | 4830 °C | |
6 C carbon (diamond) | |||
use | 4300 K | 4027 °C | 7281 °F |
WebEl | ? (4300 K) | ? (4027 °C) | ? (7281 °F) |
Lange | 3930 °C | ||
7 N nitrogen (N2) | |||
use | 77.355 K | −195.795 °C | −320.431 °F |
WebEl | 77.36 K | −195.79 °C | −320.42 °F |
CRC | −195.795 °C | ||
Lange | −195.79 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 77.15 K | -196 °C | |
8 O oxygen (O2) | |||
use | 90.188 K | −182.962 °C | −297.332 °F |
WebEl | 90.2 K | −182.9 °C | −297.2 °F |
CRC | −182.962 °C | ||
Lange | −182.96 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 90.15 K | -183 °C | |
9 F fluorine (F2) | |||
use | 85.04 K | −188.11 °C | −306.60 °F |
WebEl | 85.03 K | −188.12 °C | −306.62 °F |
CRC | −188.11 °C | ||
Lange | −188.13 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 85.15 K | -188 °C | |
10 Ne neon | |||
use | 27.104 K | −246.046 °C | −410.883 °F |
WebEl | 27.07 K | −246.08 °C | −410.94 °F |
CRC | −246.046 °C | ||
Lange | −246.05 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 27.15 K | -246 °C | |
11 Na sodium | |||
use | 1156.090 K | 882.940 °C | 1621.292 °F |
WebEl | 1156 K | 883 °C | 1621 °F |
CRC | 882.940 °C | ||
Lange | 881.4 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1163 K | 890 °C | |
12 Mg magnesium | |||
use | 1363 K | 1090 °C | 1994 °F |
WebEl | 1363 K | 1090 °C | 1994 °F |
CRC | 1090 °C | ||
Lange | 1100 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1383 K | 1110 °C | |
13 Al aluminium | |||
use | 2743 K | 2470 °C | 4478 °F |
WebEl | 2792 K | 2519 °C | 4566 °F |
CRC | 2519 °C | ||
Lange | 2518 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2743 K | 2470 °C | 4478 °F |
14 Si silicon | |||
use | 3538 K | 3265 °C | 5909 °F |
WebEl | 3173 K | 2900 °C | 5252 °F |
CRC | 3265 °C | ||
Lange | 3265 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3533 K | 3260 °C | |
15 P phosphorus (white) | |||
use | 550 K | 277 °C | 531 °F |
WebEl | 550 K | 277 °C | 531 °F |
CRC | 280.5 °C | ||
Lange | 280.3 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 553.2 K | 280 °C | |
15 P phosphorus (red) | |||
use | subl. 704 K | subl. 431 °C | subl. 808 °F |
CRC | subl. 431 °C | ||
Lange | subl. 416 °C | ||
16 S sulfur (orthorhombic, alpha) | |||
use | 717.8 K | 444.6 °C | 832.3 °F |
WebEl | ? (717.87 K) | ? (444.72 °C) | ? (832.5 °F) |
CRC | 444.60 °C | ||
Lange | 444.6 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 718.2 K | 445 °C | |
16 S sulfur (monoclinic, beta) | |||
use | 717.8 K | 444.6 °C | 832.3 °F |
WebEl | ? (717.87 K) | ? (444.72 °C) | ? (832.5 °F) |
CRC | 444.60 °C | ||
Lange | 444.6 °C | ||
16 S sulfur (gamma) | |||
use | 717.87 K | 444.72 °C | 832.5 °F |
WebEl | ? (717.87 K) | ? (444.72 °C) | ? (832.5 °F) |
Lange | 444.72 °C | ||
17 Cl chlorine (Cl2) | |||
use | 239.11 K | −34.04 °C | −29.27 °F |
WebEl | 239.11 K | −34.04 °C | −29.27 °F |
CRC | −34.04 °C | ||
Lange | −34.04 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 238.5 K | -34.7 °C | |
18 Ar argon | |||
use | 87.302 K | −185.848 °C | −302.526 °F |
WebEl | 87.3 K | −185.8 °C | −302.4 °F |
CRC | −185.848 °C | ||
Lange | −185.87 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 87.15 K | −186 °C | |
19 K potassium | |||
use | 1032 K | 759 °C | 1398 °F |
WebEl | 1032 K | 759 °C | 1398 °F |
CRC | 759 °C | ||
Lange | 759 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1047 K | 774 °C | 1425 °F |
20 Ca calcium | |||
use | 1757 K | 1484 °C | 2703 °F |
WebEl | 1757 K | 1484 °C | 2703 °F |
CRC | 1484 °C | ||
Lange | 1484 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1760 K | 1487 °C | |
21 Sc scandium | |||
use | 3109 K | 2836 °C | 5136 °F |
WebEl | 3103 K | 2830 °C | 5126 °F |
CRC | 2836 °C | ||
Lange | 2836 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3003 K | 2730 °C | |
22 Ti titanium (hexagonal) | |||
use | 3560 K | 3287 °C | 5949 °F |
WebEl | 3560 K | 3287 °C | 5949 °F |
CRC | 3287 °C | ||
Lange | 3287 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3533 K | 3260 °C | |
23 V vanadium | |||
use | 3680 K | 3407 °C | 6165 °F |
WebEl | 3680 K | 3407 °C | 6165 °F |
CRC | 3407 °C | ||
Lange | 3421 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3680 K | 3407 °C | |
24 Cr chromium | |||
use | 2755 K | 2482 °C | 4499 °F |
Zhang et al. | 2755 K | 2482 °C | 4499 °F |
WebEl | 2944 K | 2671 °C | 4840 °F |
CRC | 2671 °C | ||
Lange | 2679 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2755 K | 2482 °C | |
25 Mn manganese | |||
use | 2334 K | 2061 °C | 3742 °F |
WebEl | 2334 K | 2061 °C | 3742 °F |
CRC | 2061 °C | ||
Lange | 2095 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2373 K | 2100 °C | |
26 Fe iron | |||
use | 3134 K | 2861 °C | 5182 °F |
WebEl | 3134 K | 2861 °C | 5182 °F |
CRC | 2861 °C | ||
Lange | 2861 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3273 K | 3000 °C | |
27 Co cobalt | |||
use | 3200 K | 2927 °C | 5301 °F |
WebEl | 3200 K | 2927 °C | 5301 °F |
CRC | 2927 °C | ||
Lange | 2927 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3173 K | 2900 °C | |
28 Ni nickel | |||
use | 3003 K | 2730 °C | 4946 °F |
WebEl | 3186 K | 2913 °C | 5275 °F |
CRC | 2913 °C | ||
Lange | 2884 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3003 K | 2730 °C | 4946 °F |
29 Cu copper | |||
use | 2835 K | 2562 °C | 4643 °F |
WebEl | 3200 K | 2927 °C | 5301 °F |
CRC | 2562 °C | ||
Lange | 2561.5 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2868 K | 2595 °C | |
30 Zn zinc | |||
use | 1180 K | 907 °C | 1665 °F |
WebEl | 1180 K | 907 °C | 1665 °F |
CRC | 907 °C | ||
Lange | 907 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1180 K | 907 °C | |
31 Ga gallium | |||
use | 2673 K | 2400 °C | 4352 °F |
WebEl | 2477 K | 2204 °C | 3999 °F |
CRC | 2204 °C | ||
Lange | 2203 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2673 K | 2400 °C | 4352 °F |
32 Ge germanium | |||
use | 3106 K | 2833 °C | 5131 °F |
WebEl | 3093 K | 2820 °C | 5108 °F |
CRC | 2833 °C | ||
Lange | 2830 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3103 K | 2830 °C | |
33 As arsenic (gray) | |||
use | 887 K | subl. 614 °C | 1137 °F |
WebEl | 887 K | 614 °C | 1137 °F |
CRC | subl. 603 °C | ||
Lange | subl. 615 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 886.2 K | 613 °C | |
34 Se selenium (hexagonal, gray) | |||
use | 958 K | 685 °C | 1265 °F |
WebEl | 958 K | 685 °C | 1265 °F |
CRC | 685 °C | ||
Lange | 685 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 958.2 K | 685 °C | |
35 Br bromine (Br2) | |||
use | 332.0 K | 58.8 °C | 137.8 °F |
WebEl | 332 K | 59 °C | 138 °F |
CRC | 58.8 °C | ||
Lange | 58.8 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 331.7 K | 58.5 °C | |
36 Kr krypton | |||
use | 119.735 K | −153.415 °C | −244.147 °F |
WebEl | 119.93 K | −153.22 °C | −243.8 °F |
CRC | −153.415 °C | ||
Lange | −153.22 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 121.2 K | -152 °C | |
37 Rb rubidium | |||
use | 961 K | 688 °C | 1270 °F |
WebEl | 961 K | 688 °C | 1270 °F |
CRC | 688 °C | ||
Lange | 691 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 961.2 K | 688 °C | |
38 Sr strontium | |||
use | 1650 K | 1382 °C | 2511 °F |
WebEl | 1655 K | 1382 °C | 2520 °F |
CRC | 1377 °C | ||
Lange | 1366 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1653 K | 1380 °C | |
39 Y yttrium | |||
use | 3203 K | 2930 °C | 5306 °F |
WebEl | 3609 K | 3336 °C | 6037 °F |
CRC | 3345 °C | ||
Lange | 3345 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3203 K | 2930 °C | 5306 °F |
40 Zr zirconium | |||
use | 4650 K | 4377 °C | 7911 °F |
WebEl | 4682 K | 4409 °C | 7968 °F |
CRC | 4409 °C | ||
Lange | 3577 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4650 K | 4377 °C | 7911 °F |
41 Nb niobium | |||
use | 5017 K | 4744 °C | 8571 °F |
WebEl | 5017 K | 4744 °C | 8571 °F |
CRC | 4744 °C | ||
Lange | 4860 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5017 K | 4744 °C | |
42 Mo molybdenum | |||
use | 4912 K | 4639 °C | 8382 °F |
WebEl | 4912 K | 4639 °C | 8382 °F |
CRC | 4639 °C | ||
Lange | 4825 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4885 K | 4612 °C | |
43 Tc technetium (Tc-98 ?) | |||
use | 4538 K | 4265 °C | 7709 °F |
WebEl | 4538 K | 4265 °C | 7709 °F |
CRC | 4265 °C | ||
Lange | (Tc-98) 4265 °C | ||
est. 4900 K; Schwochau, Klaus, Technetium, p. 95 Wiley-VCH (2000), ISBN 3-527-29496-1 | |||
44 Ru ruthenium | |||
use | 4423 K | 4150 °C | 7502 °F |
WebEl | 4423 K | 4150 °C | 7502 °F |
CRC | 4150 °C | ||
Lange | 4150 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4423 K | 4150 °C | |
45 Rh rhodium | |||
use | 3968 K | 3695 °C | 6683 °F |
WebEl | 3968 K | 3695 °C | 6683 °F |
CRC | 3695 °C | ||
Lange | 3727 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4000 K | 3727 °C | |
46 Pd palladium | |||
use | 3236 K | 2963 °C | 5365 °F |
WebEl | 3236 K | 2963 °C | 5365 °F |
CRC | 2963 °C | ||
Lange | 3167 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3233 K | 2960 °C | |
47 Ag silver | |||
use | 2483 K | 2210 °C | 4010 °F |
WebEl | 2435 K | 2162 °C | 3924 °F |
CRC | 2162 °C | ||
Lange | 2164 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2483 K | 2210 °C | 4010 °F |
48 Cd cadmium | |||
use | 1040 K | 767 °C | 1413 °F |
WebEl | 1040 K | 767 °C | 1413 °F |
CRC | 767 °C | ||
Lange | 765 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1038 K | 765 °C | |
49 In indium | |||
use | 2345 K | 2072 °C | 3762 °F |
WebEl | 2345 K | 2072 °C | 3762 °F |
CRC | 2072 °C | ||
Lange | 2072 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2273 K | 2000 °C | |
50 Sn tin (white) | |||
use | 2875 K | 2602 °C | 4716 °F |
WebEl | 2875 K | 2602 °C | 4716 °F |
CRC | 2602 °C | ||
Lange | 2602 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2893 K | 2620 °C | |
51 Sb antimony | |||
use | 1908 K | 1635 °C | 2975 °F |
WebEl | 1860 K | 1587 °C | 2889 °F |
CRC | 1587 °C | ||
Lange | 1587 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1908 K | 1635 °C | |
52 Te tellurium | |||
use | 1261 K | 988 °C | 1810 °F |
WebEl | 1261 K | 988 °C | 1810 °F |
CRC | 988 °C | ||
Lange | 989.9 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1263 K | 990 °C | |
53 I iodine (I2) | |||
use | 457.4 K | 184.3 °C | 363.7 °F |
WebEl | 457.4 K | 184.3 °C | 363.7 °F |
CRC | 184.4 °C | ||
Lange | 185.24 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 457.2 K | 184 °C | |
54 Xe xenon | |||
use | 165.051 K | −108.099 °C | −162.578 °F |
WebEl | 165.1 K | −108 °C | −162 °F |
CRC | −108.099 °C | ||
Lange | −108.04 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 165.2 K | -108 °C | |
55 Cs caesium | |||
use | 944 K | 671 °C | 1240 °F |
WebEl | 944 K | 671 °C | 1240 °F |
CRC | 671 °C | ||
Lange | 668.2 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 963.2 K | 690 °C | |
56 Ba barium | |||
use | 1910 K | 1637 °C | 2978 °F |
WebEl | 2143 K | 1870 °C | 3398 °F |
CRC | 1845 °C | ||
Lange | 1845 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1910 K | 1637 °C | |
57 La lanthanum | |||
use | 3737 K | 3464 °C | 6267 °F |
WebEl | 3743 K | 3470 °C | 6278 °F |
CRC | 3464 °C | ||
Lange | 3464 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3743 K | 3470 °C | |
58 Ce cerium | |||
use | 3716 K | 3443 °C | 6229 °F |
WebEl | 3633 K | 3360 °C | 6080 °F |
CRC | 3443 °C | ||
Lange | 3440 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3743 K | 3470 °C | |
59 Pr praseodymium | |||
use | 3403 K | 3130 °C | 5666 °F |
WebEl | 3563 K | 3290 °C | 5954 °F |
CRC | 3520 °C | ||
Lange | 3520 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3403 K | 3130 °C | |
60 Nd neodymium | |||
use | 3347 K | 3074 °C | 5565 °F |
WebEl | 3373 K | 3100 °C | 5612 °F |
CRC | 3074 °C | ||
Lange | 3074 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3303 K | 3030 °C | |
61 Pm promethium (Pm-147 ?) | |||
use | 3273 K | 3000 °C | 5432 °F |
WebEl | 3273 K | 3000 °C | 5432 °F |
CRC | 3000 °C | ||
Lange | (Pm-147) estimated 3000 °C | ||
62 Sm samarium | |||
use | 2173 K | 1900 °C | 3452 °F |
WebEl | 2076 K | 1803 °C | 3277 °F |
CRC | 1794 °C | ||
Lange | 1794 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2173 K | 1900 °C | 3452 °F |
63 Eu europium | |||
use | 1802 K | 1529 °C | 2784 °F |
WebEl | 1800 K | 1527 °C | 2781 °F |
CRC | 1529 °C | ||
Lange | 1527 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1713 K | 1440 °C | |
64 Gd gadolinium | |||
use | 3546 K | 3273 °C | 5923 °F |
WebEl | 3523 K | 3250 °C | 5882 °F |
CRC | 3273 °C | ||
Lange | 3273 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3273 K | 3000 °C | 5432 °F |
65 Tb terbium | |||
use | 3396 K | 3123 °C | 5653 °F |
WebEl | 3503 K | 3230 °C | 5846 °F |
CRC | 3230 °C | ||
Lange | 3230 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3396 K | 3123 °C | 5653 °F |
66 Dy dysprosium | |||
use | 2840 K | 2567 °C | 4653 °F |
WebEl | 2840 K | 2567 °C | 4653 °F |
CRC | 2567 °C | ||
Lange | 2567 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2873 K | 2600 °C | |
67 Ho holmium | |||
use | 2873 K | 2600 °C | 4712 °F |
WebEl | 2993 K | 2720 °C | 4928 °F |
CRC | 2700 °C | ||
Lange | 2720 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2873 K | 2600 °C | 4712 °F |
68 Er erbium | |||
use | 3141 K | 2868 °C | 5194 °F |
WebEl | 3141 K | 2868 °C | 5194 °F |
CRC | 2868 °C | ||
Lange | 2868 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3173 K | 2900 °C | |
69 Tm thulium | |||
use | 2223 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F |
WebEl | 2223 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F |
CRC | 1950 °C | ||
Lange | 1950 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2223 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F |
70 Yb ytterbium | |||
use | 1703 K | 1430 °C | 2606 °F |
WebEl | 1469 K | 1196 °C | 2185 °F |
CRC | 1196 °C | ||
Lange | 1196 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1703K | 1430 °C | 2606 °F |
71 Lu lutetium | |||
use | 3675 K | 3402 °C | 6156 °F |
WebEl | 3675 K | 3402 °C | 6156 °F |
CRC | 3402 °C | ||
Lange | 3402 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3603 K | 3330 °C | |
72 Hf hafnium | |||
use | 4876 K | 4603 °C | 8317 °F |
WebEl | 4876 K | 4603 °C | 8317 °F |
CRC | 4603 °C | ||
Lange | 4450 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4876 K | 4603 °C | |
73 Ta tantalum | |||
use | 5731 K | 5458 °C | 9856 °F |
WebEl | 5731 K | 5458 °C | 9856 °F |
CRC | 5458 °C | ||
Lange | 5429 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5693 K | 5420 °C | |
74 W tungsten | |||
use | 6203 K | 5930 °C | 10706 °F |
WebEl | 5828 K | 5555 °C | 10031 °F |
CRC | 5555 °C | ||
Lange | 5900 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 6203 K | 5930 °C | 10706 °F |
75 Re rhenium | |||
use | 5869 K | 5596 °C | 10105 °F |
WebEl | 5869 K | 5596 °C | 10105 °F |
CRC | 5596 °C | ||
Lange | 5678 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5903 K | 5630 °C | |
76 Os osmium | |||
use | 5285 K | 5012 °C | 9054 °F |
WebEl | 5285 K | 5012 °C | 9054 °F |
CRC | 5012 °C | ||
Lange | 5225 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5273 K | 5000 °C | |
77 Ir iridium | |||
use | 4403 K | 4130 °C | 7466 °F |
WebEl | 4701 K | 4428 °C | 8002 °F |
CRC | 4428 °C | ||
Lange | circa 2550 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4403 K | 4130 °C | 7466 °F |
78 Pt platinum | |||
use | 4098 K | 3825 °C | 6917 °F |
WebEl | 4098 K | 3825 °C | 6917 °F |
CRC | 3825 °C | ||
Lange | 3824 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4100 K | 3827 °C | |
79 Au gold | |||
use | 3243 K | 2970 °C | 5378 °F |
WebEl | 3129 K | 2856 °C | 5173 °F |
CRC | 2856 °C | ||
Lange | 2856 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3243 K | 2970 °C | 5378 °F |
80 Hg mercury | |||
use | 629.88 K | 356.73 °C | 674.11 °F |
WebEl | 629.88 K | 356.73 °C | 674.11 °F |
CRC | 356.73 °C | ||
Lange | 356.7 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 630.2 K | 357 °C | |
81 Tl thallium | |||
use | 1746 K | 1473 °C | 2683 °F |
WebEl | 1746 K | 1473 °C | 2683 °F |
CRC | 1473 °C | ||
Lange | 1457 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1733 K | 1460 °C | |
82 Pb lead | |||
use | 2022 K | 1749 °C | 3180 °F |
WebEl | 2022 K | 1749 °C | 3180 °F |
CRC | 1749 °C | ||
Lange | 1749 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2017 K | 1744 °C | |
83 Bi bismuth | |||
use | 1837 K | 1564 °C | 2847 °F |
WebEl | 1837 K | 1564 °C | 2847 °F |
CRC | 1564 °C | ||
Lange | 1564 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1833 K | 1560 °C | |
84 Po polonium (alpha) | |||
use | 1235 K | 962 °C | 1764 °F |
WebEl | 1235 K | 962 °C | 1764 °F |
CRC | 962 °C | ||
Lange | 962 °C | ||
85 At astatine (At2) | |||
use | 503±3 K | 230±3 °C | 445±5 °F |
Otozai et al. | 503±3 K | ||
86 Rn radon | |||
use | 211.5 K | −61.7 °C | −79.1 °F |
WebEl | 211.3 K | −61.7 °C | −79.1 °F |
CRC | −61.7 °C | ||
Lange | −62 °C | ||
87 Fr francium | |||
use | 890 K | 620 °C | 1150 °F |
Lavrukhina et al. | 620 °C | ||
88 Ra radium | |||
use | 2010 K | 1737 °C | 3159 °F |
WebEl | 2010 K | 1737 °C | 3159 °F |
Lange | 1737 °C | ||
89 Ac actinium (Ac-227 ?) | |||
use | 3471 K | 3198 °C | 5788 °F |
WebEl | 3573 K | 3300 °C | 5972 °F |
CRC | 3198 °C | ||
Lange | (Ac-227) circa 3200 °C | ||
90 Th thorium | |||
use | 5061 K | 4788 °C | 8650 °F |
WebEl | 5093 K | 4820 °C | 8708 °F |
CRC | 4788 °C | ||
Lange | 4788 °C | ||
91 Pa protactinium | |||
use | ? 4300 K | ? 4027 °C | ? |
92 U uranium | |||
use | 4404 K | 4131 °C | 7468 °F |
WebEl | 4200 K | 3927 °C | 7101 °F |
CRC | 4131 °C | ||
Lange | 4131 °C | ||
93 Np neptunium | |||
use | 4273 K | 4000 °C | 7232 °F |
WebEl | 4273 K | 4000 °C | 7232 °F |
Lange | above 3900 °C | ||
94 Pu plutonium | |||
use | 3501 K | 3228 °C | 5842 °F |
WebEl | 3503 K | 3230 °C | 5846 °F |
CRC | 3228 °C | ||
Lange | 3230 °C | ||
95 Am americium | |||
use | 2880 K | 2607 °C | 4725 °F |
WebEl | 2880 K | 2607 °C | 4725 °F |
CRC | 2011 °C | ||
Lange | 2011 °C | ||
96 Cm curium (Cm-244 ?) | |||
use | 3383 K | 3110 °C | 5630 °F |
WebEl | 3383 K | 3110 °C | 5630 °F |
CRC | circa 3100 °C | ||
Lange | (Cm-244) circa 3110 °C |
Periodic Table format
[edit]Group → | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
↓ Period | |||||||||||||||||||||
1 | H2 20.271 K (−252.879 °C) |
He4.222 K (−268.928 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||
2 | Li1603 K (1330 °C) |
Be2742 K (2469 °C) |
B 4200 K (3927 °C) |
C 3915 K (subl.) (3642 °C) |
N2 77.355 K (−195.795 °C) |
O2 90.188 K (−182.962 °C) |
F2 85.03 K (−188.11 °C) |
Ne27.104 K (−246.046 °C) | |||||||||||||
3 | Na1156.090 K (882.940 °C) |
Mg1363 K (1091 °C) |
Al2743 K (2470 °C) |
Si3538 K (3265 °C) |
P 553.7 K (280.5 °C) |
S 717.8 K (444.6 °C) |
Cl2239.11 K (−34.04 °C) |
Ar87.302 K (−185.848 °C) | |||||||||||||
4 | K 1032 K (759 °C) |
Ca1757 K (1484 °C) |
Sc3109 K (2836 °C) |
Ti3560 K (3287 °C) |
V 3680 K (3407 °C) |
Cr2945.15 K (2672.0 °C) |
Mn2334 K (2061 °C) |
Fe3134 K (2861 °C) |
Co3200 K (2927 °C) |
Ni3003 K (2730 °C) |
Cu2835 K (2562 °C) |
Zn1180 K (907 °C) |
Ga2673 K (2400 °C) |
Ge3106 K (2833 °C) |
As887 K (subl.) (615 °C) |
Se958 K (685 °C) |
Br2332.0 K (58.8 °C) |
Kr119.735 K (−153.415 °C) | |||
5 | Rb961 K (688 °C) |
Sr1650 K (1377 °C) |
Y 3203 K (2930 °C) |
Zr4650 K (4377 °C) |
Nb5017 K (4744 °C) |
Mo4912 K (4639 °C) |
Tc4538 K (4265 °C) |
Ru4423 K (4150 °C) |
Rh3968 K (3695 °C) |
Pd3236 K (2963 °C) |
Ag2483 K (2210 °C) |
Cd1040 K (767 °C) |
In2345 K (2072 °C) |
Sn2875 K (2602 °C) |
Sb1908 K (1635 °C) |
Te1261 K (988 °C) |
I2 457.4 K (184.3 °C) |
Xe165.051 K (−108.099 °C) | |||
6 | Cs944 K (671 °C) |
Ba2118 K (1845 °C) |
Lu3675 K (3402 °C) |
Hf4876 K (4603 °C) |
Ta5731 K (5458 °C) |
W 6203 K (5930 °C) |
Re5900.15 K (5627.0 °C) |
Os5285 K (5012 °C) |
Ir4403 K (4130 °C) |
Pt4098 K (3825 °C) |
Au3243 K (2970 °C) |
Hg629.88 K (356.73 °C) |
Tl1746 K (1473 °C) |
Pb2022 K (1749 °C) |
Bi1837 K (1564 °C) |
Po1235 K (962 °C) |
At2503±3 K (230±3 °C) |
Rn211.5 K (−61.7 °C) | |||
7 | Fr950 K (677 °C) |
Ra2010 K (1737 °C) |
Lr | Rf5800 K (5500 °C) |
Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn340±10 K (67±10 °C) |
Nh1430 K (1130 °C) |
Fl380 K (107 °C) |
Mc~1400 K (~1100 °C) |
Lv1035–1135 K (762–862 °C) |
Ts883 K (610 °C) |
Og450±10 K (177±10 °C) | |||
La3737 K (3464 °C) |
Ce3716 K (3443 °C)6 |
Pr3403 K (3130 °C) |
Nd3347 K (3074 °C) |
Pm3273 K (3000 °C) |
Sm2173 K (1900 °C) |
Eu1802 K (1529 °C) |
Gd3546 K (3273 °C) |
Tb3396 K (3123 °C) |
Dy2840 K (2567 °C) |
Ho2873 K (2600 °C) |
Er3141 K (2868 °C) |
Tm2223 K (1950 °C) |
Yb1469 K (1196 °C) | ||||||||
Ac3471 K (3198 °C) |
Th5061 K (4788 °C) |
Pa4300? K (4027 °C) |
U 4404 K (4131 °C) |
Np4175.15 K (3902.0 °C) |
Pu3508.15 K (3235.0 °C) |
Am2880 K (2607 °C) |
Cm3383 K (3110 °C) |
Bk2900 K (2627 °C) |
Cf1743 K (1470 °C) |
Es1269 (996 °C) |
Fm | Md | No | ||||||||
Legend | |||||||||||||||||||||
Values are in kelvin K and degrees Celsius °C, rounded | |||||||||||||||||||||
For the equivalent in degrees Fahrenheit °F, see: Boiling points of the elements (data page) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Some values are predictions | |||||||||||||||||||||
Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element |
Notes
[edit]- Unless noted, all values refer to the normal boiling point at standard pressure (101.325 kPa).
References
[edit]Zhang et al.
[edit]Zhang, Yiming; Evans, Julian R. G.; Yang, Shoufeng (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
WebEl
[edit]As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
- A.M. James; M.P. Lord (1992). Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333511671.
- G.W.C. Kaye; T. H. Laby (1993). Tables of physical and chemical constants (15th ed.). London: Longman.
CRC
[edit]- Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4.121–4.123. ISBN 978-1439855119.
Lange
[edit]As quoted from:
- J.A. Dean, ed. (1999). Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds. ISBN 978-0-07016384-3.
Otozai et al.
[edit]Otozai, K.; Takahashi, N. (1982). "Estimation Chemical Form Boiling Point Elementary Astatine by Radio Gas Chromatography". Radiochimica Acta. 31 (3–4): 201–203. doi:10.1524/ract.1982.31.34.201. S2CID 100363889.
Lavrukhina et al.
[edit]Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium. Translated by R. Kondor. Ann Arbor–Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-250-39923-9.