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Hani Hanjour

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Hani Hanjour
هاني حنجور
Undated photo of Hanjour
Born
Hani Salih Hasan Hanjour

(1972-08-30)30 August 1972
Taif, Saudi Arabia
Died11 September 2001(2001-09-11) (aged 29)
The Pentagon, Virginia, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by plane crash (9/11 attacks)
EducationUniversity of Arizona
Alma materUniversity of Arizona
Known forHijacker-pilot of American Airlines Flight 77 (as part of the 9/11 attacks)
Allegianceal-Qaeda
MotiveIslamism
Partner(s)Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar
Details
Victims294
Date11 September 2001
9:37:46 a.m.
CountryUnited States
State(s)Virginia
Killed188
Injured106
WeaponsBoeing 757-223

Hani Salih Hasan Hanjour (Arabic: هاني صالح حسن حنجور, romanized: Hānī Ṣāliḥ Ḥasan Ḥanjūr; 30 August 1972 – 11 September 2001) was a Saudi Arabian terrorist who was the hijacker-pilot of American Airlines Flight 77, crashing the plane into the Pentagon as part of the 9/11 attacks in 2001.

Hanjour first went to the United States in 1991, enrolling at the University of Arizona, where he studied English for a few months before returning to Saudi Arabia early the next year. He returned to the United States in 1996, studying English in California before he began taking flying lessons in Florida and then Arizona.[1][2] He received his commercial pilot certificate in 1999, and went back to his native Saudi Arabia to find a job as a commercial pilot. Hanjour applied to civil aviation school in Jeddah, but was turned down. Hanjour left his family in late 1999, telling them that he would be traveling to the United Arab Emirates to find work. According to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Osama bin Laden or Mohammed Atef identified Hanjour at an Afghanistan training camp as a trained pilot and selected him to participate in the 11 September attacks.[citation needed]

Hanjour arrived in the United States again in December 2000. He joined up with Nawaf al-Hazmi in San Diego. They immediately left for Arizona, where Hanjour engaged in refresher pilot training. In April 2001, they relocated to Falls Church, Virginia and then Paterson, New Jersey in late May where Hanjour took additional flight training.

Hanjour returned to the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area on 2 September 2001, checking into a motel in Laurel, Maryland.[3] On 11 September, Hanjour boarded American Airlines Flight 77, took control of the aircraft after his team of hijackers helped subdue the pilots, passengers, and crew, and flew the plane into the Pentagon as part of the 11 September attacks. The crash killed all 64 passengers on board the aircraft and 125 people in the Pentagon.

While in Florida and Arizona, Hanjour befriended and trained with Rayed Mohammed Abdullah Ali, a fellow Saudi Arabian who emigrated to Manawatū-Whanganui in 2006 to train as a pilot. He was deported from his Palmerston North home after his links to Hanjour were exposed.[4][relevant? – discuss]

Early life and education

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Hanjour was one of seven children,[5] born to a food-supply businessman in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia. During his youth, Hanjour wanted to drop out of school to become a flight attendant, although his brother Abdulrahman discouraged this route, and tried to help him focus on his studies.[5]

According to his eldest brother, Hanjour traveled to Afghanistan in the late 1980s as a teenager to participate in the conflict against the Soviet Union. The Soviets had already withdrawn by the time he arrived in the country and he instead worked for a relief agency.[6]

Career

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Early 1990s

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Hanjour was the first to arrive in the United States, much earlier than other hijackers. He first came to the United States in 1991 to study English at the University of Arizona's Center for English as a Second Language. Hanjour's eldest brother Abdulrahman helped him apply to the eight-week program, and found a room in Tucson, Arizona, for Hanjour near the Islamic Center of Tucson. Hanjour arrived for the English language program on 3 October 1991, and stayed until early February 1992, when he returned to Saudi Arabia. Hanjour shared a three-bedroom home on the corner of 4th Avenue and 4th Street owned and managed by a father-son team, who made a living renovating and renting rooms to international students and devoting their energies to spreading a born-again Christian influence; Bob, the oldest son, lived in this house and rented the room directly to Hanjour. Hanjour was a model housemate; he was extremely respectful of others, apolitical in his points of view, and appeared as a nonchalant happy-go-lucky teenager with very weak English-speaking skills. Hanjour claimed that he was interested in being an airplane mechanic and claimed that such a position was considered highly in Saudi Arabia. Hanjour participated in morning, noon, and evening prayers at the local mosque. As early as Hanjour moved into this house, he was under the constant watch of two "uncles" who would pick him up for the weekends so that he would spend time with them within their circle, thereby minimizing his contact with his American housemates and friends from the university. In December 1991 Hanjour informed Bob that he missed Saudi Arabia and would be leaving the United States due to homesickness.[7] Hanjour was the only hijacker to visit the United States prior to any intentions for a large-scale attack and was not linked to the Hamburg cell in Germany, which composed of the three hijackers who were taking flight lessons to become pilots. He was the first to receive a license out of the three other men, most likely due to arriving to the U.S. prior to the preparations for the attacks.

Over the next five years, Hanjour remained in Saudi Arabia, helping the family manage a lemon and date farm near Ta'if.[5] His family often reminded Hanjour that he was getting past the age where he ought to get married and start a family, but Hanjour insisted he wanted to settle down more. While in Saudi Arabia, Hanjour applied for a job with Saudi Arabian Airlines, but was turned down due to poor grades. The airline told Hanjour they would consider him if he obtained a commercial pilot's license in the United States.[8]

1996

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In April 1996, Hanjour returned to the United States, staying with family friends, Susan and Adnan Khalil, in Miramar, Florida, for a month before heading to Oakland, California, to study English and attend flight school.[9][notes 1] Hanjour was admitted to the Sierra Academy of Aeronautics, but before beginning flight training, the academy arranged for Hanjour to take intensive English courses at ESL Language Center in Oakland. The flight school also arranged for Hanjour to stay with a host family, with whom he moved in on 20 May 1996.[9][10] Hanjour completed the English program in August, and in early September 1996, he attended a single day of ground school courses at the Sierra Academy of Aeronautics before withdrawing, citing financial worries about the $35,000 cost.

Hanjour left Oakland in September and moved to Phoenix, Arizona, paying $4,800 for lessons at CRM Flight Cockpit Resource Management in Scottsdale. Receiving poor marks, Hanjour dropped out of flight school,[5] and returned to Saudi Arabia at the end of November 1996.[11]

Late 1990s

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Hanjour re-entered the United States on 15 November 1997,[2] taking additional English courses in Florida, then returning to Phoenix, where he shared an apartment with Bandar al-Hazmi.[8]

After arriving in Florida in November 1997, Hanjour met a man Rayed Mohammed Abdullah Ali, a mutual friend through Bandar al-Hazmi. Al-Hamzi had suggested that Ali train to be a pilot in Florida.[4] Hanjour and Ali subsequently trained together both in Florida and Arizona, and became friends. Ali was a leader at the Islamic Cultural Centre in Phoenix where, the FBI says, he "reportedly gave extremist speeches at the mosque".[12] This, however, was disputed by a mosque staff member, who told the New Zealand Herald in June 2006 that Ali "was never a leader for the mosque and he never gave speeches at the mosque".[4]

The 9/11 Commission Report reported that Abdullah attended the same Phoenix flight school as Hanjour and records show the pair used a flight simulator together on 23 June 2001.[4] Ali later emigrated to New Zealand, where he settled in Auckland and then in Palmerston North to train as a pilot. He was identified as a friend and colleague of Hanjour in July 2006, less than six months after he first arrived in New Zealand. Immigration Minister David Cunliffe said that Ali "was directly associated with persons responsible for the terrorist attacks in the United States on Sept. 11, 2001".[12]

In December, he resumed training at CRM Flight Cockpit Resource Management for a few weeks, before pursuing training at Arizona Aviation.[13] Bandar al-Hazmi and Hanjour stayed in Arizona, continued taking flight lessons at Arizona Aviation throughout 1998 and early 1999. After moving out of Bandar's place in March, Hanjour lived in several apartments in Tempe, Mesa and Phoenix.[14] In February, financial records showed that Hanjour had taken a trip to Las Vegas, Nevada.[15] In addition to flight training at Arizona Aviation, Hanjour enrolled in flight simulator classes at the Sawyer School of Aviation where he made only three or four visits.[5] Lotfi Raissi would begin taking lessons at the same school a month after Hanjour quit, part of what piqued the FBI's interest in Raissi.

An FBI informant named Aukai Collins claims he told the FBI about Hanjour's activities during 1998, giving them Hanjour's name and phone number, and warning them that more and more foreign-born Muslims seem to be taking flying lessons. The FBI admits it paid Collins to monitor the Islamic and Arab communities in Phoenix at the time, but denies Collins told them anything about Hanjour.[16][17]

Hanjour gained his FAA commercial pilot certificate in April 1999, getting a "satisfactory" rating from the examiner. After receiving his commercial pilot certificate, Hanjour went on to train at other flight schools for more advanced flying. This caused concern among the instructors as they thought “he was so bad a pilot and spoke such poor English that they contacted the Federal Aviation Administration to verify that his license was not a fake.” The FAA verified his license and offered to provide him with English language tutors.[18] Hanjour's bank records indicate that he travelled to Ontario, Canada, in March 1999 for an unknown reason.[19]

He traveled to Saudi Arabia to get a job working with Saudi Arabian Airlines as a commercial pilot but was rejected by a civil aviation school in Jeddah. His brother, Yasser, relayed that Hanjour, frustrated, "turned his attention toward religious texts and cassette tapes of militant Islamic preachers."[20] He told his family in late 1999 he was heading to the United Arab Emirates to find work. However, it is likely that he headed to al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan. He was known by al-Qaeda as Urwa al-Taa'ifi.

2000

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In May 2000, a third person accompanied Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar to Sorbi's Flying Club where he waited on the ground as they took a flight lesson. It has been theorized this may have been Hanjour.

In September Hanjour again sent his $110 registration to the ELS Language Center, which leased space on Holy Names College campus in Oakland, California, to continue his English studies. He also applied for another U.S. student visa. Although he was accepted, after the attacks, it would be reported that his visa application was 'suspicious'. Granted an F-1 student visa in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, September 2000, he failed to reveal that he had previously traveled to the U.S. He never turned up for classes at the ELS Language Center, and when the school contacted its Saudi representative, he reported that he could not find Hanjour either.

On 5 December, Hanjour opened a CitiBank account in Deira, Dubai. On 8 December, Hanjour was recorded flying into the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, and is thought to have met with Nawaf al-Hazmi in San Diego shortly thereafter.

2001

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Hanjour came back to San Diego in December 2000, frequently visiting Abdussattar Shaikh's house, which was shared with Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar. During this time Hanjour may have visited the San Diego Zoo in February, as a security guard recalls having to page his name to reclaim a lost briefcase containing cash and Arabic documents and later recognized his photograph. Shortly afterwards, the three hijackers moved out of Shaikh's house to Falls Church, Virginia.

A photograph of Hanjour, released by the FBI.

The ELS Language Center at Oakland University said Hanjour reached a level of proficiency sufficient to "survive very well in the English language". However, in January 2001, Arizona JetTech flight school managers reported him to the FAA at least five times because his English was inadequate for the commercial pilot certificate he had already obtained. It took him five hours to complete an oral exam meant to last just two hours, said Peggy Chevrette. Hanjour failed UA English classes with a 0.26 GPA and a JetTech manager said "He could not fly at all." The certificate was a requirement for him to join the Saudi Arabian pilot's academy.[21] His FAA certificate had become invalid late in 1999 when he failed to take a mandatory medical examination. In February, Hanjour began advanced simulator training in Mesa, Arizona.

He and Hazmi moved out of Mesa at the end of March, and they were in Falls Church, Virginia, by 4 April. Falls Church was the location of the Dar al-Hijrah mosque in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. Anwar Al-Awlaki was the recently appointed new Imam whom Hazmi had met with in San Diego.[22][23]

At the mosque, Hanjour and Hazmi soon met Eyad Alrababah, a Jordanian who later pleaded guilty to document fraud and was deported. They had told him that they were looking for an apartment to rent, and he found a friend who rented them an apartment in Alexandria where they stayed. On 4 April 2001, Hanjour asked to forward his utility deposits to 3159 Row Street, Falls Church, Virginia, which was the same address as the mosque.[24]

When police raided the Hamburg apartment of Ramzi bin al-Shibh (the "20th hijacker") while investigating the 9/11 attacks, Awlaki's telephone number was found among bin al-Shibh's personal contact information.[25]

On 2 May 2001, two new roommates joined them in Virginia: Majed Moqed and Ahmed al-Ghamdi, both of whom had just flown into the United States from the Middle East.

Alrababah later suggested they all go together to look at apartments in Fairfield, Connecticut. On 8 May, Alrababah, Hanjour, Hazmi, Moqed and Ghamdi traveled to Fairfield to look for housing. While there, they also called several local flight schools. They then travelled briefly to Paterson to look at that area as well. Rababah has contended that, after this trip, he never saw any of the men again.[6]

Sometime at the end of May 2001, Hanjour rented a one-bedroom apartment in Paterson, New Jersey. He lived there with at least one roommate and was visited by several other hijackers, including Mohamed Atta. During his time in New Jersey, he and Hazmi rented three different cars including a sedan in June that Hanjour cosigned with the alias "Hani Saleh Hassan". He later made his last phone call to his family back in Saudi Arabia, during which he claimed to be phoning from a payphone in the United Arab Emirates, where he was supposedly still working.

Hanjour, along with at least five other future hijackers, are believed to have traveled to Las Vegas several times in mid-2001, where they allegedly drank alcohol, gambled, and visited lap dancing clubs.[26]

On 20 July, Hanjour flew to the Montgomery County Airpark in Maryland from New Jersey on a practice flight with fellow hijacker Nawaf Alhazmi.[27][28]

On 1 August, Hanjour and Almihdhar returned to Falls Church to obtain fraudulent documentation at a 7-Eleven convenience store where an illegal side business operated for such a service. There they met Luis Martinez-Flores, himself also an illegal immigrant, who agreed to help them for a $100 fee. They drove together to a DMV office at a mall in nearby Springfield, Virginia, where Martinez-Flores gave them a false address in Falls Church to use, and signed legal forms attesting that they lived there. Hanjour and Almihdhar were then granted state identity cards. (Martinez-Flores was later sentenced to 21 months in prison for aiding them, and giving false testimony to police.)[29] On that same day, Hanjour was stopped by police for driving a Toyota Corolla 55 mph (89 km/h) in a 30 mph (48 km/h) zone in Arlington, Virginia, for which he paid a $70 fine.

Employees at Advance Travel Service in Totowa, New Jersey later claimed that Moqed and Hanjour had both purchased tickets there. They claimed that Hanjour spoke very little English, and Moqed did most of the speaking. Hanjour requested a seat in the front row of the airplane. Their credit card failed to authorize, and after being told the agency did not accept personal checks, the pair left to withdraw cash. They returned shortly afterwards and paid the $1,842.25 total in cash.[30]

Hanjour began making cross-country flights in August to test security, and tried to rent a plane from Freeway Airport in Maryland; though he was declined after exhibiting difficulty controlling and landing a single-engine Cessna 172.[31] He moved out of his New Jersey apartment on 1 September, and was photographed four days later using an ATM with fellow hijacker Majed Moqed in Laurel, Maryland, where all five Flight 77 hijackers had purchased a 1-week membership in a local Gold's Gym. There, Hanjour claimed that his first name translated as warrior when a gym employee asked if there was an English translation of their Arabic names. (Hani actually translates as "contented.")

On 10 September 2001, Hanjour, Mihdhar, and Hazmi checked into the Marriott Residence Inn in Herndon, Virginia where Saleh Ibn Abdul Rahman Hussayen, a prominent Saudi government official, was staying. No evidence was ever uncovered that they had met, or knew of each other's presence.[32]

9/11 attacks

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Main article: American Airlines Flight 77

At 7:35 a.m. on 11 September 2001, Hanjour arrived at the passenger security checkpoint at Washington Dulles International Airport, 26 miles (42 km) west of Washington, D.C., en route to board American Airlines Flight 77.[33]

Some earlier reports stated he may not have had a ticket or appeared on any manifest,[34] however he was documented by the 9/11 Commission as having been assigned to seat 1B in first class,[35] and reported to have bought a single first-class ticket from Advance Travel Service in Totowa.[36] In the security tape footage released in 2004, Hanjour appears to walk through the metal detector without setting it off, which likely means that agents at the terminal were not looking at any warning signal that indicated if he had weapons. With this, it allowed Hanjour to board Flight 77 without any authorization.[37]

At 9:37 AM, Hani Hanjour crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon, the crash was captured on security footage.

The flight was scheduled to depart at 8:10, but ended up departing 10 minutes late from Gate D26 at Dulles.[38] The last normal radio communications from the aircraft to air traffic control occurred at 08:50:51.[39] At 08:54, Flight 77 began to deviate from its normal, assigned flight path and turned south,[40] and then hijackers set the flight's autopilot heading for Washington, D.C.[41] Passenger Barbara Olson called her husband, United States Solicitor General Ted Olson, and reported that the plane had been hijacked and that the assailants had box cutters and knives. Using the flight intercom, Hanjour announced the flight was hijacked.[40][42] As Flight 77 was 5 miles (8.0 km) west-southwest of the Pentagon, it made a 330-degree turn. At the end of the turn, it was descending through 2,200 feet (670 m), pointed toward the Pentagon and downtown Washington. Hanjour advanced the throttles to maximum power and dove towards the Pentagon at a speed of over 530 mph (850 km/h). At 09:37:46, Hanjour crashed the Boeing 757 into the west façade of the Pentagon, killing himself and all 63 passengers and 6 crew members aboard along with 125 on the ground in the Pentagon.[43] While level above the ground and seconds from the crash, the airplane's wings knocked over light poles and its right engine smashed into a power generator, creating a smoke trail seconds before smashing into the Pentagon. In the recovery process at the Pentagon, remains of all five Flight 77 hijackers were identified through a process of elimination, as not matching any DNA samples for the victims, and put into custody of the FBI.[44][45]

Family denial

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After the 11 September attacks, Hanjour's family in Saudi Arabia vehemently stated that they could not, and would not, believe he had been involved as one of the hijacker pilots, and also stated that he had phoned them just eight hours prior to the hijackings and his voice did not sound strange or unusual at all.[46]

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Hanjour obtained a visa in March 1996, and arrived in the United States on 2 April 1996. "Staff Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel" (PDF). 9/11 Commission. 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2010.

References

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  1. ^ 9/11 Commission Report (PDF) (Report). 9/11 Commission. 22 July 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b Federal Bureau of Investigation (4 February 2008). "Hijackers' Timeline" (PDF). NEFA Foundation. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  3. ^ Clemetson, Lynette (12 September 2002). "VIGILANCE AND MEMORY: SOME MOMENTS -- Laurel, Md.; Where Hijacker Stayed, Remorse". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d "Rayed Ali - student, pilot, mystery man". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e Goldstein, Amy; Lena H. Sun; George Lardner Jr. (15 October 2001). "Hanjour a Study in Paradox, Suspect's Brother: 'We Thought He Liked the USA'". The Washington Post. p. A01.
  6. ^ a b "Chapter 7 – The Attack Looms". 9/11 Commission Report. 9/11 Commission. 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  7. ^ "Statement for the Record - FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III". Joint Intelligence Committee Inquiry. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). 26 September 2002. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  8. ^ a b Fainaru, Steve; Alia Ibrahim (10 September 2002). "Mysterious Trip to Flight 77 Cockpit; Suicide Pilot's Conversion to Radical Islam Remains Obscure". The Washington Post. pp. A17. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  9. ^ a b Chen, David W. (18 September 2001). "Man Traveled Across U.S. In His Quest to Be a Pilot". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  10. ^ FBI Hijackers' Timeline
  11. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (4 February 2008). "Hijackers' Timeline" (PDF). NEFA Foundation. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  12. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (4 February 2008). "Hijackers' Timeline" (PDF). NEFA Foundation. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  13. ^ FBI Hijackers' Timeline, p. 16—41
  14. ^ FBI Hijackers' Timeline, p. 18
  15. ^ "FBI Told of Hanjour Three Years Before Sept. 11, Self-Proclaimed Informant Says". Archived from the original on 2 February 2004. Retrieved 30 July 2004.
  16. ^ "Interview with Aukai Collins". Archived from the original on 6 January 2004. Retrieved 30 July 2004.
  17. ^ Yardley, Jim; Thomas, Jo (19 June 2002). "For Agent in Phoenix, the Cause of Many Frustrations Extended to His Own Office". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  18. ^ "STATEMENT FOR THE RECORD | FBI DIRECTOR ROBERT S. MUELLER III | JOINT INTELLIGENCE COMMITTEE INQUIRY". Federation of American Scientists. 25 September 2002. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  19. ^ Sennott, Charles M. "Why bin Laden plot relied on Saudi hijackers". The Boston Globe.
  20. ^ "A Trainee Noted for Incompetence". The New York Times. 4 May 2002.
  21. ^ Imam Anwar Al Awlaki - A Leader in Need Archived 2 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine; Cageprisoners.com, 8 November 2006, accessed 7 June 2007
  22. ^ Sherwell, Philip, and Spillius, Alex, "Fort Hood shooting: Texas army killer linked to September 11 terrorists; Major Nidal Malik Hasan worshipped at a mosque led by a radical imam said to be a "spiritual adviser" to three of the hijackers who attacked America on Sept 11, 2001," Daily Telegraph, 7 November 2009, accessed 12 November 2009
  23. ^ "FBI Summary about Alleged Flight 77 Hijacker Hani Hanjour - Aviation". Scribd.
  24. ^ Al-Haj, Ahmed, and Abu-Nasr, Donna, "US imam who communicated with Fort Hood suspect wanted in Yemen on terror suspicions,"[permanent dead link] Associated Press, 11 November 2009, accessed 12 November 2009[permanent dead link]
  25. ^ Fagan, Kevin (4 October 2001). "Agents of terror leave their mark on Sin City / Las Vegas workers recall the men they can't forget". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  26. ^ "Complete 911 Timeline: Hani Hanjour". History Commons. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  27. ^ 9/11 Commission Report. 2004. p. 242. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  28. ^ "Hijackers' helper faces two years max", Timothy P. Carney, Human Events, 24 December 2001
  29. ^ john-waller (11 January 2016). "The latest Boston, local and national news". Boston.com.
  30. ^ Frank, Thomas (23 September 2001). "Tracing Trail Of Hijackers". Newsday. Archived from the original on 5 April 2002. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  31. ^ Schmidt, Susan (2 October 2003). "Spreading Saudi Fundamentalism in U.S.: Network of Wahhabi Mosques, Schools, Web Sites Probed by FBI". The Washington Post, Page A01. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  32. ^ 9/11 Commission (2004). "Notes". 9/11 Commission Report. 9/11 Commission. ISBN 1-59248-996-6. Retrieved 30 May 2008.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ "Four Planes, Four Coordinated Teams". The Washington Post. 20 September 2001. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  34. ^ "We Have Some Planes". 9/11 Commission Report. 9/11 Commission. 2004. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  35. ^ Johnson, Glen (23 November 2001). "Probe reconstructs horror, calculated attacks on planes". Boston Globe. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  36. ^ "Video shows 9/11 hijackers stopped by airport screeners". CBC. CBC. 21 July 2004. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  37. ^ "Staff Monograph on the "Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security"" (PDF). 9/11 Commission. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
  38. ^ Gregor, Joseph A. (21 December 2001). "ATC Report American Airlines Flight 77" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  39. ^ a b "Chapter 1". 9/11 Commission Report (PDF). 9/11 Commission. 2004. pp. 1–13. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  40. ^ O'Callaghan, John; Bower, Daniel (13 February 2002). "Study of Autopilot, Navigation Equipment, and Fuel Consumption Activity Based on United Airlines Flight 93 and American Airlines Flight 77 Digital Flight Data Recorder Information" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  41. ^ Johnson, Glen (23 November 2001). "Probe reconstructs horror, calculated attacks on planes". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  42. ^ "American Airlines Flight 77 FDR Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. 31 January 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  43. ^ "Remains Of 9 Sept. 11 Hijackers Held". CBS News. 17 August 2002. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  44. ^ Edson, S.M.; et al. (January 2004). "Naming the Dead - Confronting the Realities of Rapid Identification of Degraded Skeletal Remains" (PDF). Forensic Science Review. 16 (1): 63–90. PMID 26256813. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  45. ^ "Hijacker list raises more questions". 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 16 June 2003. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  46. ^ "Air Crash Investigation" 9/11: The Pentagon Attack (TV Episode 2018), retrieved 19 January 2024
  47. ^ Smithsonian Channel (31 July 2023). Air Disasters - Headline News. Archived from the original on 23 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
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