Omertà
Omertà (/oʊˈmɛərtə/, Italian pronunciation: [omerˈta])[a] is a Southern Italian code of silence and code of honor and conduct that places importance on silence in the face of questioning by authorities or outsiders; non-cooperation with authorities, the government, or outsiders, especially during criminal investigations; and willfully ignoring and generally avoiding interference with the illegal activities of others (i.e., not contacting law enforcement or the authorities when one is aware of, witness to, or even the victim of certain crimes). It originated and remains common in Southern Italy, where banditry or brigandage and Mafia-type criminal organizations (like the Camorra, Cosa Nostra, 'Ndrangheta, Sacra Corona Unita and Società foggiana) have long been strong. Similar codes are also deeply rooted in other areas of the Mediterranean, including Malta, Crete in Greece,[1] and Corsica, all of which share a common or similar historic culture with Southern Italy.
Ostracism, shunning, intimidation, societal pressure or peer pressure, and strong cultural norms are often used to reinforce omertà and encourage silence and non-cooperation with authorities; however, violence and retaliation against informers or those who break the code of omertà is also common in criminal circles, where informers or traitors to the code of omertà are often described in English by terms such as "rats" or "snitches" and in Italian as infami or pentiti, depending on the context.
Etymology
[edit]According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the phonology of the word omertà indicates that it is not of Sicilian origin; it may derive from the now rare Spanish word hombredad, meaning manliness, after the Sicilian word omu "man".[2] It has also been suggested that the word comes from Latin humilitas (humility), which became umiltà and then finally omertà in some southern Italian dialects; this suggestion is not well supported by the geographical distribution of the word.[2] The first Antimafia Commission of the Italian parliament in the 1970s accepted the origin based on omu on the authority of Antonio Cutrera, with no reference to Spanish.[3]
Code
[edit]The basic principle of omertà is that one must not seek aid from legally constituted authorities to settle personal grievances. The suspicion of being a cascittuni (an informant) constitutes the blackest mark against manhood, according to Cutrera. A person who has been wronged is obligated to look out for their own interests by avenging the wrong himself, or finding a patron—not the state—to avenge him.[4]
Omertà implies "the categorical prohibition of cooperation with state authorities or reliance on its services, even when one has been victim of a crime."[5] A person should absolutely avoid interfering in the business of others and should not inform the authorities of a crime under any circumstances, but if it is justified, he may personally avenge a physical attack on himself or on his family by vendetta, literally a taking of revenge, a feud. Even if somebody is convicted of a crime that he has not committed, he is supposed to serve the sentence rather than give the police information about the real criminal, even if the criminal has nothing to do with the Mafia. Within Mafia culture, breaking omertà is punishable by death.[5]
Omertà is an extreme form of loyalty and solidarity in the face of authority. One of its absolute tenets is that it is deeply demeaning and shameful to betray even one's deadliest enemy to the authorities. For that reason, many Mafia-related crimes go unsolved. Observers of the Mafia debate whether omertà should best be understood as an expression of social consensus for the Mafia or whether it is instead a pragmatic response based primarily on fear, as implied by a popular Sicilian proverb: "Cu è surdu, orbu e taci, campa cent'anni 'mpaci" ("He who is deaf, blind and silent will live a hundred years in peace").
It has also been described as follows: "Whoever appeals to the law against his fellow man is either a fool or a coward. Whoever cannot take care of himself without police protection is both. It is as cowardly to betray an offender to justice, even though his offences be against yourself, as it is not to avenge an injury by violence. It is dastardly and contemptible in a wounded man to betray the name of his assailant, because if he recovers, he must naturally expect to take vengeance himself."[6]
History
[edit]Omertà is a code of silence, according to one of the first Mafia researchers Antonio Cutrera, a former officer of public security. It seals lips of men even in their own defense and even when the accused is innocent of charged crimes. Cutrera quoted a native saying which was first uttered (as goes the legend) by a wounded man to his assailant: "If I live, I'll kill you. If I die, I forgive you."[4]
Sicilians adopted the code long before the emergence of Cosa Nostra, and it may have been heavily influenced by centuries of state oppression and foreign domination. It has been observed at least as far back as the 16th century as a way of opposing Spanish rule.[7]
The Italian-American mafioso Joseph Valachi broke the omertà code in 1963, when he publicly spoke out about the existence of the Mafia and testified before a United States Senate committee. He became the first person in the modern history of the Italian-American Mafia to break his blood oath.[8][9] In Sicily, the phenomenon of pentito (Italian he who has repented) broke omertà.
Among the Mafia pentiti is Tommaso Buscetta, the first important witness in Italy, who both helped prosecutor Giovanni Falcone to understand the inner workings of Cosa Nostra and described the Sicilian Mafia Commission or Cupola, the leadership of the Sicilian Mafia. A predecessor, Leonardo Vitale, who gave himself up to the police in 1973, was judged mentally ill and so his testimony led to the conviction of only himself and his uncle.[10]
In popular culture
[edit]Mario Puzo wrote novels based on the principles of omertà and the Cosa Nostra. His best known works in that vein are the trilogy The Godfather (1969), The Sicilian (1984), and Omertà (2000).[11]
The 2010 videogame Fallout: New Vegas features a tribe of gangsters called the Omertas. The 2002 videogame Mafia names its campaign's ninth chapter "Omerta".
Swedish metal band Katatonia released a song titled "Omerta" on their 2003 album Viva Emptiness, detailing the fictional killing of a mafia informant who had broken omertà.
American heavy metal band Lamb of God also released a song titled "Omerta" from their third studio album Ashes of the Wake (2004), which begins with lead singer Randy Blythe performing a spoken word description of omertà.
In 2019, Canadian rapper Drake released a song called "Omertà" in the extended play The Best in the World Pack.
in 2020, Spanish singer Rosalía and American rapper Travis Scott released their second song together titled "TKN", the song revolves around a gangster family and in the song Rosalia mentions "Más te vale no romper la omertá" (You better not break the omertá).
See also
[edit]
- Blue wall of silence – Informal rule that American police do not report misconduct by other officers
- Code of silence
- Kayfabe
- Mesirah
- Stop Snitchin'
- Anatomy of a Scandal – 2022 television miniseries
Explanatory notes
[edit]- ^ The grave accent in Italian, Sicilian and Corsican indicates that the final ⟨a⟩ is stressed. In English, it is often spelled omerta, without an accent, and pronounced with misplaced stress as /oʊˈmɛərtə/ rather than [omerˈta].
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Michael, Herzfeld (2004). The Body Impolitic: Artisans and Artifice in the Global Hierarchy of Value. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-32913-5.
- ^ a b "omertà". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Relazione conclusiva, Commissione parlamentare d’inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia in Sicilia, Rome 1976, p. 106
- ^ a b (in Italian) Antonio Cutrera, La mafia e i mafiosi, Reber, Palermo: 1900, p. 27 (reprinted by Arnaldo Forni Editore, Sala Bolognese 1984, ISBN 88-271-2487-X), quoted in Nelli, The Business of Crime, pp. 13–14
- ^ a b Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 109
- ^ Porello, The Rise and Fall of the Cleveland Mafia, p. 23;
- ^ "Know Italy Travel Guide & Places to Go". Knowital.
- ^ Killers in Prison Archived 2012-07-09 at archive.today, Time, October 4, 1963
- ^ "The Smell of It" Archived 2012-07-09 at archive.today, Time, October 11, 1963
- ^ Suro, Roberto (1986-05-18). "Sicily and the Mafia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
- ^ Puzo, Mario (2000). Omerta. Mario Puzo's Mafia. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0375502545. OCLC 1031631136.
General sources
[edit]- Blok, Anton (1988 [1974]). The Mafia of a Sicilian Village, 1860–1960: A study of violent peasant entrepreneurs, Long Grove (Illinois): Waveland Press ISBN 0-88133-325-5
- Nelli, Humbert S. (1981 [1976]). The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the United States, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-226-57132-7
- Paoli, Letizia (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
- Porrello, Rick (1995). The Rise and Fall of the Cleveland Mafia: Corn Sugar and Blood, New York: Barricade books ISBN 1-56980-058-8
- Servadio, Gaia (1976). Mafioso: A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg ISBN 0-436-44700-2
