Española, New Mexico
Española | |
|---|---|
.png) Skyline view from the city's Industrial Park | |
 Seal | |
| Etymology: Founded as San Juan de los Caballeros, as capital of Nuevo México for Española (Spanish)[1] | |
| Nickname(s): "The Low Rider Capital of The World", Spaña, Espa | |
| Motto: The heart of northern New Mexico…where cultures unite. | |
 Location of Española, New Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 36°00′07″N 106°03′58″W / 36.00194°N 106.06611°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Mexico |
| County | Rio Arriba, Santa Fe |
| Founded | 1598[1] |
| Incorporated | 1925 |
| Named for | See history section |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor-council government |
| • Mayor | John Ramon Vigil (D)[citation needed] |
| • City Council | Councilors |
| • State House | Representatives |
| • State Senate | State senators |
| • U.S. House | Representative |
| Area | |
• Total | 8.34 sq mi (21.61 km2) |
| • Land | 8.22 sq mi (21.30 km2) |
| • Water | 0.12 sq mi (0.31 km2) |
| Elevation | 5,591 ft (1,704 m) |
| Population | |
• Total | 10,526 |
| • Density | 1,280.22/sq mi (494.29/km2) |
| ZIP codes | 87532, 87533 |
| Area code | 505 |
| FIPS code | 35-25170 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2410456[3] |
| Website | Official website |
Española /ɛspənˈjoʊlə/ is a city primarily in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States. A portion of the central and eastern section of the city is in Santa Fe County. Founded as a railroad village some distance from the old Indian town of San Juan de los Caballeros (now renamed Ohkay Owingeh),[5] it was named Española and officially incorporated in 1925. It has been called the first capital city in the United States.[6] As of the 2020 census, the population was at 10,526.[7] Española is within the Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Los Alamos combined statistical area.
History
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Española was referred to as La Vega de los Vigiles ('the Vigils' Meadow') before the presence of railroads.[8] La Española means 'Spanish woman', and folk history attributes the name to railroad construction workers who named the area after a woman who worked in a small restaurant in the area. In fact the name is a shortened form of Plaza Española ('Spanish town'), which likely was to differentiate it from the Tewa pueblo just to the south.[7]
Spanish settlement
[edit]Tewa people have lived in the area since the 13th century. They built towns in the area, now called 'pueblos', four of which still exist: Ohkay Owingeh, Pojoaque, Santa Clara and San Ildefonso.[9]
The upper reaches of the Rio Grande region were explored by the Spanish in 1540. Don Juan de Oñate was the first to bring settlers here in 1598. His group stayed at Ohkay Owingeh for a time (calling the Tewa town San Juan de los Caballeros), before settling in an abandoned Tewa village which he renamed San Gabriel. San Gabriel, close to modern Española, can thus be seen as the first capital city founded by people of European racial descent in what is now the United States.[9]
Oñate arrived in the Española area on July 11, 1598, at the confluence of the Chama River and the Rio Grande, where he established a camp at a place then called Yunque-Yunque.[citation needed]
Almost a century later, near the same region, Don Diego de Vargas established his villa at Santa Cruz.[10]
Railroad era
[edit]
Prior to the arrival from Antonito, Colorado of the narrow gauge Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in 1880, the hamlet on the west-side of the Rio Grande was known as La Vega de los Vigiles in reference to the Vigil family who initially settled that area. The earliest document found indicates that La Vegas de los Vigiles had been populated by 1751, over 100 years before the railroad's arrival. With the coming of the railroad the name of the hamlet was changed to Española. Until 1886, when it was extended to Santa Fe, Española was the terminus of the line. The Española station included an engine facility along with a roundhouse and turntable so it could service the locomotives. The facilities were built but torn down or no longer in use after six years; plans for the town had changed.[11] Later popularly known as the "Chili Line", this was part of an ambitious but unsuccessful proposal to connect Denver with Mexico City.
The route extended into what today is the downtown Española area, and the railroad began selling lots in the area. Anglo merchants, mountain men, and settlers slowly filtered into Española.[12] Frank Bond and his brother George, who were Canadian emigrants, would later arrive in the city. Together they established the state's largest mercantile and a multi–million dollar wool empire. With them came economic growth and prominence. Española was the headquarters for all the Bond family interests which included over 12 businesses across New Mexico.[13][14]
Frank R. Frankenburger, a business man born in Fort Scott, Kansas, was the first "elected" mayor; he was elected in 1923. The first mayor who was chosen in "popularity" was Frank Bond, in 1907. In 1925 Española was incorporated as a city.[15] As the population rose, there was a high demand for public education in the city. Española High School was established; it would be the largest school in the area for decades. The first high school in the area, however, was Santa Cruz High School. Two miles away from downtown Española, it opened in 1906 in the historic Santa Cruz area. Neither high school operates after a merger of school districts in 1975.[16]
The importance of the railroad began to lessen as minimal passenger traffic and low shipments forced the railroad to close in 1941, with the tracks removed the following year. Many locals would become unemployed and would follow the railroad to Santa Fe, Albuquerque and central Colorado for jobs. Española's population would fall dramatically and many homes in the downtown became abandoned. Most of the locals who remained would turn to farming as a way of life. Many people saw Española as another failed railroad town.[17] The city removed the railroad tracks and the train depot in the 1960s, and the railroads completely vanished.
Businesses in Española vigorously opposed the abandonment of the D&RGW's narrow gauge in the early 1940's. Their calls for continued rail service were at odds with the grim realities of the marketplace, which had for years rendered the "Chili Line" woefully unprofitable. Although Española was an integral part of the saga of railroad construction in the West, it was destined to become one of the region's first notable communities bereft of its trains.
American communities in the age of the rail line abandonment
Post-railroad
[edit]With the beginnings of Manhattan Project in nearby Los Alamos, many locals eventually found jobs at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). As much as nearly 9% of Española's population have been employed at LANL.[full citation needed]
In the 1980s, many historical buildings and homes of historical significance were torn down for urban renewal. Española followed many other New Mexico cities in this trend, but in Española, it failed. More modern business began to move into town, but the growth of Española had now expanded east across the Rio Grande. Although several buildings of historical significance remain in downtown Española, many are unused or abandoned.[citation needed] Strip malls became visible in Española, the first being the 'Big Rock shopping center', founded by oil tycoon Roy Honstein.
In the 1990s, a controversial plan to build a "plaza" and mission church where many historic buildings once stood was up for consideration. The city agreed to the plan, and locals supported the plaza. Although a plaza never existed in Española before the railroads, it was built to pay tribute to the Spanish culture in the area.[19]
Recent history
[edit]
On September 18, 2008, Barack Obama, then a candidate for president, visited Española for a rally at the city's New Plaza in the Main Street district.[20][21]
Geography
[edit]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21.9 square kilometers (8.5 sq mi), with 21.7 square kilometers (8.4 sq mi) land and 0.2 square kilometers (0.077 sq mi) water, for a total of 0.83%.
Española lies at an elevation of around 5,595 feet (1,705 m) with much variance. It is in a valley nestled between the Jemez and Sangre de Cristo mountain ranges, and the meeting point of three rivers, the Rio Grande, the Rio Chama, and the Rio Santa Cruz.
Climate
[edit]Española has a borderline cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk)/cool desert climate (BWk). The main Española weather station is hotter and drier than nearby cities due to relatively lower altitude, lying over 1,300 feet or 400 metres lower than Taos or county seat Tierra Amarilla.
July is the hottest month, with an average high of 91 °F or 32.8 °C. The highest recorded temperature was 107 °F or 41.7 °C in 2003. The average coolest month is January at 45 °F or 7.2 °C. The lowest recorded temperature was −38 °F or −38.9 °C in 1971. The maximum average precipitation occurs in August with an average of 1.90 inches (48 mm).
| Climate data for Española, New Mexico | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) |
75 (24) |
84 (29) |
88 (31) |
98 (37) |
105 (41) |
107 (42) |
103 (39) |
99 (37) |
89 (32) |
84 (29) |
72 (22) |
107 (42) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 45 (7) |
52 (11) |
60 (16) |
69 (21) |
78 (26) |
88 (31) |
91 (33) |
87 (31) |
81 (27) |
72 (22) |
58 (14) |
47 (8) |
69 (21) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 14 (−10) |
20 (−7) |
26 (−3) |
33 (1) |
41 (5) |
50 (10) |
57 (14) |
55 (13) |
47 (8) |
34 (1) |
24 (−4) |
15 (−9) |
35 (2) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −38 (−39) |
−18 (−28) |
0 (−18) |
14 (−10) |
17 (−8) |
28 (−2) |
35 (2) |
37 (3) |
25 (−4) |
10 (−12) |
−21 (−29) |
−16 (−27) |
−38 (−39) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.40 (10) |
0.40 (10) |
0.60 (15) |
0.60 (15) |
0.70 (18) |
0.70 (18) |
1.60 (41) |
1.90 (48) |
1.20 (30) |
0.90 (23) |
0.60 (15) |
0.50 (13) |
10.1 (256) |
| Source: weather.com[22] | |||||||||||||
Air quality
[edit]According to the 2011 annual report by the American Lung Association, the Santa Fe–Española CSA (metropolitan area) has the cleanest ozone layer in the country (ranked #1), cleanest area in the country for 24-hour particle pollution (ranked #1) and cleanest area in the country for annual particle pollution (ranked #2).[23]
Demographics
[edit]| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1890 | 398 | — | |
| 1900 | 1,405 | 253.0% | |
| 1910 | 1,802 | 28.3% | |
| 1920 | 2,412 | 33.9% | |
| 1930 | 4,269 | 77.0% | |
| 1940 | 2,984 | −30.1% | |
| 1950 | 2,489 | −16.6% | |
| 1960 | 3,472 | 39.5% | |
| 1970 | 7,923 | 128.2% | |
| 1980 | 8,127 | 2.6% | |
| 1990 | 8,828 | 8.6% | |
| 2000 | 9,504 | 7.7% | |
| 2010 | 10,495 | 10.4% | |
| 2020 | 10,526 | 0.3% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[24][4] | |||
2000 census
[edit]At the census[25] of 2000, there were 9,688 people, 5,751 households, and 4,569 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,155.4 inhabitants per square mile (446.1/km2). There were 5,107 housing units at an average density of 189.2/square kilometer (489.8/square mile). The racial makeup of the city was 67.55% White, 0.58% African American, 2.86% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 25.56% from other races, and 3.25% from two or more races. 84.38% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 5,751 households, of which 35.6% had children under the age of eighteen living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 18.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of single individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was sixty-five years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.08.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was thirty-four years. For every 100 females there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females aged eighteen and over, there were 94.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $27,144, and the median income for a family was $32,255. Males had a median income of $25,558 versus $23,177 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,303. 21.6% of the population and 16.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 28.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 15.1% of those sixty-five and older were living below the poverty line.
2010 census
[edit] | This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, the US Census Bureau states that "Hispanics and Latinos may be of any race. Thus, the percent Hispanic should not be added to percentages for racial categories."
This means that the racial makeup of the city as stated below sums to 12.9%. (October 2023) |
As of the census[25] of 2010, there were 10,224 residing in the city.
The racial makeup of the city was:[26]
- 8.8% White (alone)
- 0.3% Black or African American
- 2.3% Native American
- 1.0% Asian
- 0.1% from other races
- 0.4% Multiracial (two or more races)[27]
- 87.1% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos (of any race)[27]
Economy
[edit]
| Largest Employers in Española[citation needed] | |
|---|---|
| 1 | Los Alamos National Laboratory |
| 2 | Española Public Schools |
| 3 | Presbyterian Healthcare Services |
| 4 | Akal Security |
| 5 | Northern New Mexico College |
| 6 | Northern Pueblos Gaming Council |
| 7 | Walmart |
| 8 | Lowe's |
| 9 | City of Española |
| 10 | Rio Arriba County |
The Los Alamos National Laboratory is the largest employer in Española; it accounts for over 12% employment of residents. The education sector is the second largest employer, the Española Public Schools is the 16th largest school district in New Mexico. Recently, Northern New Mexico College has expanded its degree programs and made massive improvements to its campus, adding a new library and a new School of Education. Larger local businesses include Akal Securities Inc, a security company that employees over 500 people.[28]
Española has seen much commercial development on Riverside Drive, the city's secondary main road. Retail and eatery chains are anchors of a shopping square which came into the city in 1999. Other stores followed.
Plaza de Española
[edit]The fountain at Plaza de Española was designed as a replica of the Alhambra. The plaza is home to the Convent Mission, administered by the Episcopal Church.[citation needed]
Telecommunications
[edit]Satview Broadband, headquartered in Reno, is the local cable television company. Due to a legal dispute with Jemez Mountains Electric Cooperative, Satview Broadband has suspended services in Española as of March 2016.[29] The city is served by several satellite TV services and is served by Windstream Communications for telecom and broadband service.
Festivals and activities
[edit] |
Española's restaurants and convenience stores are popular with travelers between Santa Fe and northern communities, as well as with local people. The local fiestas are held in the summer to commemorate the Spanish colonization and introduction of Christian faith to the area. The fiestas include live New Mexico and/or country music, vendors and parades.
There are many locations near Española that provide for outdoor activity such as hiking, biking, and river sports like rafting and kayaking. Nearby winter sports include skiing (downhill and cross-country) and snowboarding.
Parks and recreation
[edit]Recreational facilities
[edit]- Penny Roybal Garcia (Ranchitos) Aquatic Center
- Richard L. Lucero Recreation Center
Major community parks
[edit]- Plaza de Española Park
- Vietnam Veteran's Memorial Park
- Ranchitos Park
- Valdez Park (dedicated in memory of Española native Phil Valdez)
Government
[edit] |
The city of Española is run by a mayor–council government system under Strong-mayor form. The mayor and eight-member city councilors from their respected districts are elected to a four-year term, elections are constant every two years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints a city manager who supervises department heads, prepares the budget, and coordinates departments.
Every two years during the organizational meeting, one council member is elected by a majority in the council to serve as mayor pro–tem, usually a member from the party that is in control of the council.
Elected officials
[edit]| Name | Position | Party reg. | Took office | Up for re–election |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| John Ramon Vigil | Mayor | Democrat | 2022 | 2026 |
| Pedro Valdez | District 1 | Democrat | 2024 | 2028 |
| Aaron J. Salazar | District 1 | Democrat | 2022 | 2026 |
| Peggy Sue Martinez | District 2, Mayor Pro Tem | Democrat | 2012 | 2028 |
| Nanette D. Rodriguez | District 2 | Democrat | 2022 | 2026 |
| Denise D. Benavidez | District 3 | Democrat | 2018 | 2026 |
| Felicia Archuleta-Toya | District 3 | Democrat | 2024 | 2028 |
| Justin J. Salazar Torrez | District 4 | Republican | 2018 | 2026 |
| Samuel Z. LeDoux | District 4 | Republican | 2024 | 2028 |
| Joseph W. Madrid | Municipal Judge | Democrat | 2022 | 2026 |
List of mayors
[edit]Mayors of Española Elected Mayor Party Registration Years served F.R. Frankenburger Republican 1925–1928 Tobias Espinosa, M.D. Republican 1928–1932 Diego Salazar Republican 1932–1948 John Block, Jr. Democrat 1948–1952 Joe E. Roybal Democrat 1952–1958 Cipriano Vigil Democrat 1958–1966 Epimenio Vigil Democrat 1966–1968 Richard Lucero Democrat 1968–1974 Santiago V. Martinez Republican 1974–1981* Alex R. Gallegos, Interim Democrat 1981-1982 Consuelo S. Thompson Democrat 1982–1986 Richard Lucero Democrat 1986–1994 Ross Chavez Democrat 1994–1998 Richard Lucero Democrat 1998–2006 Joseph Maestas Democrat 2006–2010 Alice A. Lucero Democrat 2010–2018 Javier E. Sánchez Republican 2018–2022 John Ramon Vigil Democrat 2022-present
*Denotes Resignation
Education
[edit]Public schools
[edit]
The City of Española is a part of the Española Public Schools district, with six of its 14 schools being located within the city.
- Secondary schools
- Española Valley High School
- Carlos F. Vigil Middle School
- Elementary schools
- Eutimio Tim Salazar III "Fairview" Elementary
- James H. Rodriguez "Española" Elementary
- Tony E. Quintana "Sombrillo" Elementary
- Kindergartens
- Los Niños Kindergarten Center
Charter and tribal schools
[edit]- McCurdy Charter School K-12
- La Tierra Montesori School of the Arts and Sciences
- Carinos de los Ninos Charter School
There is a Bureau of Indian Education (BIE)-affiliated tribal elementary school,[30] Kha'p'o Community School, that has an Española address, though the school is actually in Santa Clara Pueblo.[31]
Private schools
[edit]- Holy Cross Catholic School (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santa Fe)
- Victory Faith Christian Academy
College
[edit]Library
[edit]Española Public Library is located inside the Richard Lucero Center at 313 North Paseo De Oñate. Its collection is about 50,000 items.[32]
Cultural references
[edit]Española serves as the setting for the 2023 black comedy series The Curse, which among other themes explores gentrification of the area.[33]
Notable people
[edit]- Jack Aeby, environmental physicist
- Eppie Archuleta, weaver and textile artist
- Frank Bond, Canadian businessman
- Jacobo de la Serna, ceramic artist
- Kenneth John Gonzales, attorney and judge
- Robert B. Hall, geographer
- Leo Jaramillo, member of the New Mexico Senate
- Joseph Maestas, member of the New Mexico Public Regulation Commission
- Joe Mondragon, jazz musician
- Hari Jiwan Singh Khalsa, Sikh leader
- Patricia D. Lopez, computer scientist
- Richard Lucero, longest-serving mayor of Española
- Roger Montoya, humanitarian, artist, former gymnast, and politician
- Members of The Movin' Morfomen
- Nora Naranjo Morse, artist and poet
- Satya Rhodes-Conway, politician in Madison, Wisconsin
- Raemer Schreiber, physicist
- Harbhajan Singh Khalsa, founder of the 3HO movement, moved to Española
- Debbie Rodella, New Mexico state legislator, was born in Española.[34]
- Scott Tipton, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Colorado's 3rd district, was born in Española.[35]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "History of Española". Espanola, NM. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
- ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Española, New Mexico
- ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- ^ "National Park Service Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas". Retrieved September 10, 2021.
- ^ "City of Española Home Page". City of Española. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- ^ a b [1] Archived September 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ La Vega de Los Vigiles was a small farming community, today Española Archived September 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "History of Spanish settlers". Cityofespanola.org. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
- ^ Simmons, Marc, ‘’The Last Conquistador: Juan de Oñate and the Settling of the Far Southwest’’, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1991 p. 108-108
- ^ "Española, New Mexico". Ghostdepot.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
- ^ Rio Grande Sun, Historical Issue on City of Española, 1961–62
- ^ "Full text of "New Mexico historical review"". Retrieved August 3, 2014.
- ^ "RMOA - Document". Rmoa.unm.edu. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
- ^ Rio Grande Sun, Historical Issue on City of Española, 1975
- ^ Brief History of EVHS Archived August 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Española Public School District. Retrieved on February 28, 2008.
- ^ Denver Rio Grande Rail Road Closes, Santa Fe New Mexican, 1998
- ^ Schwieterman, Joseph P. (2004). When the Railroad Leaves Town: American Communities in the Age of Rail Line Abandonment, Western United States. Kirksville, Missouri: Truman State University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-931112-13-0. OL 8801889M.
- ^ Española officials plan to revitalize downtown, Santa Fe New Mexican, 1997 [full citation needed]
- ^ "Obama Visits Española". Albuquerque, New Mexico: KOAT 7 News. September 18, 2008. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011.
- ^ "Obama Rally In Española". Santa Fe New Mexican. Santa Fe, New Mexico. September 18, 2008. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2020. Contains 3 articles.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Española, NM". Retrieved August 20, 2008.
- ^ "Santa Fe–Española, NM: State of the Air 2011 – American Lung Association". Stateoftheair.org. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Albuquerque (city), New Mexico". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ a b "American FactFinder". Factfinder2.census.gov. October 5, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2012.[dead link]
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Writer, Barron JonesSUN Staff. "Co-op Interferes With Cable TV". Rio Grande SUN. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
- ^ "Kha'p'o Community School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ "Contact Us". Kha'p'o Community School. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
Kha'p'o Community School 625 Kee Street Espanola, NM 87532
- While the address says "Espanola", the school is in Santa Clara Pueblo (see US Census Bureau map for 2020) - ^ "Welcome to the Española Public Library". City of Española. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
- ^ The Curse, retrieved March 26, 2024
- ^ "Debbie Rodella's Biography - The Voter's Self Defense System - Vote Smart". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ^ "Scott Tipton's Biography - The Voter's Self Defense System - Vote Smart". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
External links
[edit]
Municipalities and communities of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States | ||
|---|---|---|
| City |  | |
| Village | ||
| CDPs |
| |
| Other communities | ||
| Ghost towns and former settlements | ||
| Indian reservations | ||
| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
Municipalities and communities of Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States | ||
|---|---|---|
| Cities |  | |
| Town | ||
| CDPs |
| |
| Other communities | ||
| Ghost town | ||
| Indian reservation | ||
| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
| International | |
|---|---|
| Geographic | |
